Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 40
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 40, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. conceptually superficial
B. administratively effortless
C. exposure-dependent
D. technically routine
Câu 2.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. health-centred
B. initiative-led
C. initiating
D. initiatively designed
Câu 3.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. connects
B. connectsing
C. brief
D. connectsed
Câu 4.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. with
B. for
C. to
D. on
Câu 5.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. take deeper into
B. separate source and exposure patterns
C. make an evidence
D. advance the deeply
Câu 6.
People often picture interpreting urban air-quality evidence as simply checking whether the sky looks hazy. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. have reading monitoring data
B. to reading monitoring data
C. reading monitoring data
D. read monitor data
Câu 7.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. missed
B. has been missing
C. missing
D. miss
Câu 8.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look over
B. look after
C. oversee to
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. Instead of
C. As far as
D. On behalf of
Câu 10.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. standard
B. quality
C. number
D. scale
Câu 11.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. randomly
C. altogether
D. continuously
Câu 12.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in managing pollution only during visibly smoggy days, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use clean transport and efficient energy when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and combustion emissions (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsive
B. responsibility
C. responsible
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought air quality and health was mainly about checking whether the sky looks hazy.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more exposure-dependent.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. c – b – a
C. a – b – c
D. a – c – b
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on air quality and health should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; cleaner transport, energy, homes, industry, and waste systems can reduce disease while also supporting climate and urban-quality goals.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether the sky looks hazy.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 16.
a. My interest in air quality and health began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated air quality and health as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about air quality and health often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. That simplification is risky: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about air quality and health often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. That simplification is risky: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
C. In response, the ‘Clean Air, Clear Decisions’ team began by consulting health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about air quality and health often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places.
B. That simplification is risky: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about air quality and health often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
B. That simplification is risky: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about air quality and health often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
D. That simplification is risky: personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
B. The need to interpret evidence in context
C. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. recognises
B. ignores
C. neglects
D. misses
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary.
B. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places.
C. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring.
D. checking whether the sky looks hazy
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. physically engineered
B. automatic and uncritical
C. carefully calibrated
D. socially negotiated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
B. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring.
C. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Air pollution is a mixture of particles and gases from transport, energy, industry, waste, household fuels, natural events, and atmospheric reactions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether the sky looks hazy. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, while exposure varies with emission sources, weather, buildings, activity, and time spent in different places. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Health research links air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lung cancer, adverse childhood outcomes, and premature mortality. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Personal behaviour can modify exposure but cannot substitute for policies that reduce pollution at its sources.
Paragraph 4. Health-based standards, emissions controls, clean household energy, public information, and cross-sector planning are necessary. Lower-cost sensors and satellite observations are expanding coverage, but they require calibration and integration with reference monitoring. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among health agencies, transport planners, energy providers, industries, households, and local governments.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [IV]
C. [II]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. hide outcomes from public review
B. remove every measurable result
C. guarantee that benefits will last
D. give priority to results that are easy to display
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. affected people
B. complex systems
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. durable outcomes
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Fragmented responsibilities
B. Pressure for rapid results
C. Short funding cycles
D. Long-term institutional learning
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
D. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. trustworthy
B. defensible
C. reliable
D. unconvincing
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
B. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
C. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
D. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
B. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
C. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
D. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address air quality and health have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Because air quality and health is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
B. The best way to address air quality and health is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve air quality and health without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. Addressing air quality and health requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
