Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 39
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 39, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. conceptually superficial
B. ecologically multidimensional
C. administratively effortless
D. technically routine
Câu 2.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiatively designed
B. reef-resilience
C. initiative-led
D. initiating
Câu 3.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. brief
B. synthesisesed
C. synthesises
D. synthesisesing
Câu 4.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. on
B. with
C. to
D. for
Câu 5.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. advance the deeply
B. take deeper into
C. interpret thermal-history data
D. make an evidence
Câu 6.
It is tempting to reduce assessing coral reef resilience to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Beyond Bleaching’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. have surveying local stressors
B. surveying local stressors
C. to surveying local stressors
D. survey local stressors
Câu 7.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. reduced
B. reduceing
C. reduce
D. has been reduceing
Câu 8.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look over
B. oversee to
C. look after
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. On behalf of
B. In view of
C. As far as
D. Instead of
Câu 10.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. extent
B. number
C. quality
D. standard
Câu 11.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. randomly
C. comparatively
D. altogether
Câu 12.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in protecting a reef on paper while land-based pollution continues, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select runoff control and sustainable fishing where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document temperature records, coral surveys, fish data, and water-quality samples (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsive
C. responsibility
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought coral reef resilience was mainly about counting the amount of live coral once a year.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more ecologically multidimensional.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c
B. a – c – b
C. c – b – a
D. b – c – a
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on coral reef resilience should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; resilience assessments help managers identify sites, processes, and actions that may support recovery and sustain coastal benefits.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that counting the amount of live coral once a year.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in coral reef resilience began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Beyond Bleaching’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated coral reef resilience as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 18.
A public discussion about coral reef resilience often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes.
C. That simplification is risky: resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about coral reef resilience often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. In response, the ‘Beyond Bleaching’ team began by consulting reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery.
D. That simplification is risky: resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about coral reef resilience often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes.
B. In response, the ‘Beyond Bleaching’ team began by consulting reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about coral reef resilience often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. That simplification is risky: resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
C. In response, the ‘Beyond Bleaching’ team began by consulting reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about coral reef resilience often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery.
C. In response, the ‘Beyond Bleaching’ team began by consulting reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. neglects
B. misses
C. recognises
D. ignores
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning.
B. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery.
C. counting the amount of live coral once a year
D. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. socially negotiated
B. automatic and uncritical
C. carefully calibrated
D. physically engineered
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning.
C. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
D. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 2
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef system to resist disturbance, recover, or reorganise while retaining important ecological functions. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting the amount of live coral once a year. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Thermal stress can trigger bleaching, while acidification, disease, overfishing, pollution, storms, and habitat damage influence mortality and recovery. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Monitoring shows that thermal history, herbivore abundance, connectivity, water quality, and benthic condition can shape outcomes. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Resilience is not a permanent label; it can change as disturbances, species composition, and human pressures change.
Paragraph 4. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is essential, while local action can lower avoidable stress and protect ecological processes. Managers increasingly combine satellite heat alerts, field surveys, social vulnerability, and restoration planning. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among reef managers, fishers, tourism operators, scientists, and coastal residents.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [II]
B. [IV]
C. [I]
D. [III]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. guarantee that benefits will last
B. hide outcomes from public review
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. remove every measurable result
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. durable outcomes
B. complex systems
C. affected people
D. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Long-term institutional learning
B. Short funding cycles
C. Pressure for rapid results
D. Fragmented responsibilities
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. reliable
B. trustworthy
C. unconvincing
D. defensible
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
C. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
D. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
B. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
C. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address coral reef resilience have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Addressing coral reef resilience requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
B. Technical expertise alone can resolve coral reef resilience without attention to distribution or institutions.
C. The best way to address coral reef resilience is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
D. Because coral reef resilience is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
