Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 38
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 38, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. administratively effortless
B. materially intensive
C. conceptually superficial
D. technically routine
Câu 2.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiating
B. initiative-led
C. initiatively designed
D. design-for-recovery
Câu 3.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. brief
B. linksed
C. links
D. linksing
Câu 4.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. on
B. to
C. for
D. with
Câu 5.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. compare recovery pathways
B. make an evidence
C. take deeper into
D. advance the deeply
Câu 6.
At first glance, evaluating battery circularity may appear no more complicated than collecting used batteries at the end of life. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Metals in Motion’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. identify cell chemistries
B. have identifying cell chemistries
C. identifying cell chemistries
D. to identifying cell chemistries
Câu 7.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. lock
B. locked
C. has been locking
D. locking
Câu 8.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. overlook
B. oversee to
C. look after
D. look over
Câu 9.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. As far as
C. Instead of
D. On behalf of
Câu 10.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. quality
B. magnitude
C. number
D. standard
Câu 11.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. randomly
B. temporarily
C. safely
D. altogether
Câu 12.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue designing packs without considering repair, reuse, disassembly, or recycling, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour safe collection networks when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, copper, and aluminium (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsive
B. responsibly
C. responsibility
D. responsible
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought battery circularity was mainly about collecting used batteries at the end of life.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more materially intensive.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. c – b – a
C. a – c – b
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on battery circularity should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; recycling can provide a more geographically diverse secondary supply of critical materials and reduce pressure on primary extraction.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that collecting used batteries at the end of life.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in battery circularity began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Metals in Motion’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated battery circularity as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about battery circularity often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. In response, the ‘Metals in Motion’ team began by consulting battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
B. That simplification is risky: recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about battery circularity often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery.
C. In response, the ‘Metals in Motion’ team began by consulting battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about battery circularity often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials.
B. In response, the ‘Metals in Motion’ team began by consulting battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
C. That simplification is risky: recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about battery circularity often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. In response, the ‘Metals in Motion’ team began by consulting battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about battery circularity often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials.
B. In response, the ‘Metals in Motion’ team began by consulting battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. misses
B. ignores
C. recognises
D. neglects
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. collecting used batteries at the end of life
B. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials.
C. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery.
D. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. socially negotiated
B. automatic and uncritical
C. physically engineered
D. carefully calibrated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
C. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Battery circularity includes longer use, repair, reuse, repurposing, collection, and recycling to retain materials and reduce waste across the battery life cycle. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting used batteries at the end of life. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Recovery depends on pack design, chemistry, information, collection systems, processing technology, and markets for secondary materials. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Manufacturing scrap is an important near-term feedstock, while large volumes of end-of-life electric-vehicle batteries will emerge after a time lag. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Recycling cannot replace demand reduction, longer product life, or responsible primary supply, especially during rapid market growth.
Paragraph 4. Standards, producer responsibility, battery passports, design rules, collection targets, and environmental controls can improve recovery. Innovation is increasingly focused on direct recovery, automated disassembly, and designs that preserve material value. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among battery makers, vehicle producers, recyclers, miners, regulators, and consumers.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [IV]
C. [I]
D. [II]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. remove every measurable result
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
B. complex systems
C. affected people
D. durable outcomes
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Long-term institutional learning
C. Short funding cycles
D. Fragmented responsibilities
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
B. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. trustworthy
B. defensible
C. reliable
D. unconvincing
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
D. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address battery circularity have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. The best way to address battery circularity is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Because battery circularity is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
C. Addressing battery circularity requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
D. Technical expertise alone can resolve battery circularity without attention to distribution or institutions.
