Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 37
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 37, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. technically routine
B. conceptually superficial
C. administratively effortless
D. culturally sensitive
Câu 2.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiative-led
B. initiatively designed
C. community-governed
D. initiating
Câu 3.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. addresses
B. addressesed
C. addressesing
D. brief
Câu 4.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. with
B. to
C. for
D. on
Câu 5.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. design data-governance agreements
B. advance the deeply
C. make an evidence
D. take deeper into
Câu 6.
Many learners assume that building tools for low-resource languages is little more than translating a list of common words. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Voices in the Digital World’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. annotating recordings with speakers
B. have annotating recordings with speakers
C. annotat records with speakers
D. to annotating recordings with speakers
Câu 7.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. has been extracting
B. extracting
C. extracted
D. extract
Câu 8.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. oversee to
B. look after
C. look over
D. overlook
Câu 9.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. On behalf of
C. As far as
D. Instead of
Câu 10.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. quality
B. level
C. standard
D. number
Câu 11.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. randomly
B. ethically
C. temporarily
D. altogether
Câu 12.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in collecting language data without consent or long-term community access without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ knowledge while weakening digital sovereignty. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose community-owned archives where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document recordings, dictionaries, transcriptions, and speech models (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsive
C. responsibility
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought Indigenous-language technology was mainly about translating a list of common words.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more culturally sensitive.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – b
B. b – c – a
C. c – b – a
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on Indigenous-language technology should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; community-led tools can support education, communication, documentation, and intergenerational transmission.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that translating a list of common words.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 16.
a. My interest in Indigenous-language technology began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Voices in the Digital World’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated Indigenous-language technology as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about Indigenous-language technology often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material.
B. That simplification is risky: a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices.
D. In response, the ‘Voices in the Digital World’ team began by consulting speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about Indigenous-language technology often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. In response, the ‘Voices in the Digital World’ team began by consulting speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
D. That simplification is risky: a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about Indigenous-language technology often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B. That simplification is risky: a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about Indigenous-language technology often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material.
D. That simplification is risky: a technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about Indigenous-language technology often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. In response, the ‘Voices in the Digital World’ team began by consulting speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
C. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
D. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. misses
B. neglects
C. recognises
D. ignores
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material.
B. translating a list of common words
C. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices.
D. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. physically engineered
B. carefully calibrated
C. socially negotiated
D. automatic and uncritical
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
B. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
C. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Language technologies such as speech recognition, keyboards, text-to-speech, and machine translation can expand digital use of low-resource and endangered languages. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to translating a list of common words. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Systems require carefully prepared data, but linguistic accuracy alone is insufficient when recordings contain identity, knowledge, or culturally restricted material. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Projects increasingly stress data ownership, consent, governance, and the involvement of speakers throughout design and evaluation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A technically accurate translator may still flatten cultural meaning, register, humour, or relationships encoded in language.
Paragraph 4. Funding should support local capacity, durable infrastructure, open or controlled resources chosen by communities, and interfaces that serve real language practices. Responsible language AI is moving toward community-defined success rather than performance scores alone. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among speakers, educators, linguists, software developers, cultural authorities, and funders.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [II]
C. [IV]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. give priority to results that are easy to display
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. remove every measurable result
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. complex systems
B. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C. durable outcomes
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Short funding cycles
B. Pressure for rapid results
C. Fragmented responsibilities
D. Long-term institutional learning
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
B. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
C. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
D. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. defensible
B. trustworthy
C. unconvincing
D. reliable
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
B. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
C. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
D. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
B. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
C. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
D. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
C. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address Indigenous-language technology have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. The best way to address Indigenous-language technology is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Because Indigenous-language technology is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
C. Addressing Indigenous-language technology requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
D. Technical expertise alone can resolve Indigenous-language technology without attention to distribution or institutions.
