Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 36
⏱ 50 phút📝 40 câu✅ Đã làm 0/40
Thời gian
50:00
Câu 1/40Đáp án được lưu tự động
1
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
Chọn một đáp án
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 36
Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút
1
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
Chọn một đáp án
2
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
Chọn một đáp án
3
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
Chọn một đáp án
4
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
Chọn một đáp án
5
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
Chọn một đáp án
6
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
Chọn một đáp án
7
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
Chọn một đáp án
8
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
Chọn một đáp án
9
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
Chọn một đáp án
10
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
Chọn một đáp án
11
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
Chọn một đáp án
12
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
Chọn một đáp án
13
a. Linh: I thought nature-based flood management was mainly about planting trees beside a river. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more site-specific. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on nature-based flood management should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; these measures may provide biodiversity, recreation, water-quality, and cooling benefits alongside risk reduction. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that planting trees beside a river. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
16
a. My interest in nature-based flood management began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Room for Water’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
17
a. The town first treated nature-based flood management as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
18
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
Chọn một đáp án
19
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
Chọn một đáp án
20
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
Chọn một đáp án
21
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
Chọn một đáp án
22
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
Chọn một đáp án
23
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
Chọn một đáp án
24
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
25
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
26
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
27
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
28
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
29
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
Chọn một đáp án
30
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
Chọn một đáp án
31
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
Chọn một đáp án
32
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
33
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
34
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
Chọn một đáp án
35
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
36
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
37
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
38
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
39
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
40
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
Thông tin đề
Cách sử dụng Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 36
Trước khi làm: chuẩn bị giấy nháp, giữ đúng thời lượng 50 phút và hạn chế mở tài liệu để kết quả phản ánh đúng mức hiện tại.
Trong khi làm: câu trả lời được lưu tự động trên trình duyệt. Bạn có thể chuyển giữa chế độ từng câu và khổ A4 mà không mất lựa chọn đã nhập.
Sau khi nộp: xem điểm, đáp án đúng và phần giải thích. Hãy ghi lại nhóm lỗi sai để quyết định chuyên đề cần ôn lại trước đề tiếp theo.
Tự học sau khi làm đề
Đáp án và giải thích từng câu
Phần này giúp bạn rà soát lại kiến thức sau khi đã thử làm đề. Mỗi mục giữ nguyên nội dung câu hỏi, đáp án đúng và lời giải có trong dữ liệu gốc.
1Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 1
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A.conceptually superficial
B.administratively effortless
C.technically routine
D.site-specific
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Sau trạng từ nhấn mạnh cần một cụm tính từ; ‘site-specific’ phù hợp với ý bài.
2Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 2
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A.initiatively designed
B.initiative-led
C.initiating
D.hybrid-resilience
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘hybrid-resilience’ là tính từ ghép tự nhiên bổ nghĩa cho programme/project.
3Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 3
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A.compares
B.comparesing
C.comparesed
D.brief
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Chủ ngữ số ít ở hiện tại đơn cần động từ chia phù hợp: ‘compares’.
4Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 4
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A.to
B.with
C.on
D.for
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Cụm cố định là tailored/adapted/matched to something.
5Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 5
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A.advance the deeply
B.make an evidence
C.take deeper into
D.model multiple hazard pathways
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Cụm ‘model multiple hazard pathways’ đúng ngữ pháp và hợp nghĩa.
6Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 6
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A.to mapping drainage and wetlands
B.mapp drainage and wetlands
C.mapping drainage and wetlands
D.have mapping drainage and wetlands
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Sau ‘accustomed/unaccustomed to’ dùng danh động từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
7Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 7
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A.transferred
B.transfer
C.transfering
D.has been transfering
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Sau động từ khuyết thiếu ‘may/can’ cần động từ nguyên mẫu không ‘to’.
8Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 8
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A.look after
B.oversee to
C.look over
D.overlook
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ trong ngữ cảnh này nghĩa là bỏ sót/không chú ý đến.
9Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 9
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A.On behalf of
B.As far as
C.Instead of
D.In view of
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘Instead of’ diễn đạt sự thay thế một cách làm bằng cách làm khác.
10Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 10
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A.number
B.standard
C.amount
D.quality
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘amount’ kết hợp tự nhiên với ‘preventable harm’ trong ngữ cảnh.
11Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 11
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A.integratively
B.altogether
C.randomly
D.temporarily
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Trạng từ ‘integratively’ mô tả phù hợp cách ghi nhận hoặc sắp xếp dữ liệu/vật liệu.
12Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 12
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A.responsive
B.responsible
C.responsibly
D.responsibility
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Cần trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ manage.
13Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 13
a. Linh: I thought nature-based flood management was mainly about planting trees beside a river. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more site-specific. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – a
B.c – b – a
C.a – c – b
D.a – b – c
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Linh nêu quan niệm ban đầu, Minh phản hồi bằng bằng chứng, sau đó Linh thay đổi cách tiếp cận.
14Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on nature-based flood management should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; these measures may provide biodiversity, recreation, water-quality, and cooling benefits alongside risk reduction. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – d – e – a
B.e – d – c – b – a
C.a – b – c – d – e
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Trình tự tự nhiên: nêu quyết định → hỏi tiêu chí → xác định lợi ích → suy ra cách đánh giá → thống nhất hành động.
15Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that planting trees beside a river. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.e – d – c – b – a
B.a – c – d – e – b
C.b – c – d – e – a
D.a – b – c – d – e
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn văn phát triển theo tiến trình nghiên cứu: giả định → đối chiếu → phát hiện hạn chế → điều chỉnh → kết quả.
16Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 16
a. My interest in nature-based flood management began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Room for Water’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – d – e – a
B.a – b – c – d – e
C.a – c – d – e – b
D.e – d – c – b – a
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Tiểu sử đi theo thời gian và quan hệ nhân quả: khởi đầu → nhận thức → đào tạo → nghề nghiệp → đánh giá hiện tại.
17Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 17
a. The town first treated nature-based flood management as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – c – d – e – b
B.e – d – c – b – a
C.b – c – d – e – a
D.a – b – c – d – e
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Trình tự: cách nhìn ban đầu → sự kiện làm lộ vấn đề → phản ứng tổ chức → biện pháp → đánh giá thận trọng.
18Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 18
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A.The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
B.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C.That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
D.In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (18); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
19Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 19
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C.In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
D.The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (19); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
20Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 20
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
B.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C.The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
D.That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (20); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
21Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 21
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
C.That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
D.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (21); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
22Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 22
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A.In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
B.The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
C.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (22); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
23Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 23
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A.A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B.A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C.Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D.The need to interpret evidence in context
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đoạn đọc nhấn mạnh tính phụ thuộc bối cảnh, không khẳng định có một giải pháp giống nhau cho mọi nơi.
24Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 24
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.recognises
B.neglects
C.ignores
D.misses
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ nghĩa là bỏ sót; từ trái nghĩa là ‘recognise’.
25Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 25
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.planting trees beside a river
B.Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
C.Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
D.Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Cụm chỉ định quay lại cơ chế vừa được trình bày ngay trước đó.
26Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 26
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A.carefully calibrated
B.socially negotiated
C.automatic and uncritical
D.physically engineered
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Trong ngữ cảnh, ‘mechanical conclusions’ là kết luận áp dụng tự động, thiếu phê phán.
27Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 27
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A.Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
B.The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
C.Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D.Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ đủ hai ý: bằng chứng hữu ích nhưng không được bỏ qua giới hạn và bối cảnh.
28Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 28
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B.Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience.
C.The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D.The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Nội dung này được nêu trực tiếp ở đoạn 4.
29Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 29
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A.Paragraph 3
B.Paragraph 1
C.Paragraph 4
D.Paragraph 2
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn 2 trình bày cơ chế tạo ra hoặc truyền dẫn vấn đề.
30Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 30
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A.Paragraph 1
B.Paragraph 2
C.Paragraph 4
D.Paragraph 3
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 nêu chính sách, xu hướng tương lai và phối hợp giữa các bên.
31Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 31
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A.[II]
B.[III]
C.[IV]
D.[I]
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu này kết luận từ câu trước và mở sang phân tích rộng hơn, phù hợp nhất ở vị trí [IV].
32Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 32
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A.give priority to results that are easy to display
B.remove every measurable result
C.guarantee that benefits will last
D.hide outcomes from public review
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:‘Privilege’ ở đây nghĩa là ưu tiên; ‘visible outputs’ là kết quả dễ nhìn thấy/trình bày.
33Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 33
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.complex systems
B.affected people
C.short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D.durable outcomes
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đại từ chỉ toàn bộ danh sách các ràng buộc ở câu trước.
34Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 34
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A.Pressure for rapid results
B.Fragmented responsibilities
C.Long-term institutional learning
D.Short funding cycles
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Ba phương án còn lại được nêu trực tiếp; học hỏi dài hạn không phải nguyên nhân của quyết định hẹp.
35Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 35
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A.A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
B.Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C.Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
D.Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn 3 nêu các hệ quả ngoài ý muốn và sự chuyển dịch chi phí/rủi ro.
36Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 36
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.defensible
B.unconvincing
C.reliable
D.trustworthy
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:‘Credible’ là đáng tin; trái nghĩa là ‘unconvincing’.
37Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 37
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
B.Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
C.A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D.Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 khẳng định việc kiểm tra hệ quả ngoài ý muốn hỗ trợ điều chỉnh khi điều kiện thay đổi.
38Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 38
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A.Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B.Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
C.In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D.Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ nguyên so sánh giữa năng lực học hỏi và sự chắc chắn ban đầu.
39Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 39
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A.The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B.Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
C.Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D.Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Lập luận toàn bài cho thấy hiệu quả bề ngoài chưa bảo đảm tính bền vững nếu bỏ qua quản trị và năng lực duy trì.
40Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 40
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A.Addressing nature-based flood management requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
B.The best way to address nature-based flood management is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C.Technical expertise alone can resolve nature-based flood management without attention to distribution or institutions.
D.Because nature-based flood management is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đáp án bao quát các ý chính: đánh giá rộng, tham gia, so sánh phương án và học hỏi liên tục.
