Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 36
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 36, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. conceptually superficial
B. administratively effortless
C. technically routine
D. site-specific
Câu 2.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiatively designed
B. initiative-led
C. initiating
D. hybrid-resilience
Câu 3.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. compares
B. comparesing
C. comparesed
D. brief
Câu 4.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
Câu 5.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. advance the deeply
B. make an evidence
C. take deeper into
D. model multiple hazard pathways
Câu 6.
People often picture planning nature-based flood protection as simply planting trees beside a river. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Room for Water’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. to mapping drainage and wetlands
B. mapp drainage and wetlands
C. mapping drainage and wetlands
D. have mapping drainage and wetlands
Câu 7.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. transferred
B. transfer
C. transfering
D. has been transfering
Câu 8.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look after
B. oversee to
C. look over
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. On behalf of
B. As far as
C. Instead of
D. In view of
Câu 10.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. number
B. standard
C. amount
D. quality
Câu 11.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. integratively
B. altogether
C. randomly
D. temporarily
Câu 12.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in relying on a single barrier while ignoring watershed processes, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use wetlands and permeable public spaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document wetlands, floodplains, channels, parks, and engineered drains (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsive
B. responsible
C. responsibly
D. responsibility
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought nature-based flood management was mainly about planting trees beside a river.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more site-specific.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. c – b – a
C. a – c – b
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on nature-based flood management should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; these measures may provide biodiversity, recreation, water-quality, and cooling benefits alongside risk reduction.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that planting trees beside a river.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 16.
a. My interest in nature-based flood management began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Room for Water’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated nature-based flood management as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 18.
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
D. In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
D. That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
C. That simplification is risky: a restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about nature-based flood management often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. In response, the ‘Room for Water’ team began by consulting residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D. The need to interpret evidence in context
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. recognises
B. neglects
C. ignores
D. misses
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. planting trees beside a river
B. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures.
C. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding.
D. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. carefully calibrated
B. socially negotiated
C. automatic and uncritical
D. physically engineered
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
B. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
C. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience.
C. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Nature-based flood solutions use or restore ecosystems and landscape processes to reduce hazards, often in combination with engineered infrastructure and planning. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to planting trees beside a river. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Wetlands, floodplains, vegetation, permeable surfaces, and restored channels can store water, slow runoff, reduce erosion, and create space for controlled flooding. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Project experience suggests hybrid portfolios are often more robust than treating green and grey measures as competing alternatives. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A restored wetland cannot protect every place from every flood, especially where development continues to expand exposure.
Paragraph 4. Risk assessments should value multiple benefits, include communities, protect long-term maintenance, and combine structural and non-structural measures. Cities are using scenario modelling and benefit valuation to decide where nature-based measures add the greatest resilience. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among residents, engineers, ecologists, landowners, emergency managers, and city governments.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [II]
B. [III]
C. [IV]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. give priority to results that are easy to display
B. remove every measurable result
C. guarantee that benefits will last
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. complex systems
B. affected people
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. durable outcomes
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Fragmented responsibilities
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Short funding cycles
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
D. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. defensible
B. unconvincing
C. reliable
D. trustworthy
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
B. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
C. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
C. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address nature-based flood management have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Addressing nature-based flood management requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
B. The best way to address nature-based flood management is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve nature-based flood management without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. Because nature-based flood management is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
