Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 35
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 35, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. technically routine
B. administratively effortless
C. institutionally transformative
D. conceptually superficial
Câu 2.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiative-led
B. initiatively designed
C. open-by-design
D. initiating
Câu 3.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. coversing
B. coversed
C. brief
D. covers
Câu 4.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
Câu 5.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. make an evidence
B. take deeper into
C. audit reproducible workflows
D. advance the deeply
Câu 6.
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. have creating data documentation
B. creating data documentation
C. creat data documentation
D. to creating data documentation
Câu 7.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. has been limiting
B. limiting
C. limit
D. limited
Câu 8.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. oversee to
B. look after
C. look over
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. On behalf of
B. As far as
C. Instead of
D. In view of
Câu 10.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. volume
B. standard
C. number
D. quality
Câu 11.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. altogether
B. responsibly
C. temporarily
D. randomly
Câu 12.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsibly
B. responsible
C. responsive
D. responsibility
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought open science was mainly about uploading a final paper without a paywall.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more institutionally transformative.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. a – c – b
C. c – b – a
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on open science should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; well-documented sharing can improve verification, accelerate discovery, reduce duplicated effort, and widen participation.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that uploading a final paper without a paywall.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 16.
a. My interest in open science began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated open science as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 18.
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
D. In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
C. In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
D. In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
D. That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. The need to interpret evidence in context
C. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. misses
B. recognises
C. neglects
D. ignores
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. uploading a final paper without a paywall
B. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
C. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration.
D. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. socially negotiated
B. automatic and uncritical
C. carefully calibrated
D. physically engineered
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
B. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
C. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [IV]
C. [II]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. guarantee that benefits will last
B. give priority to results that are easy to display
C. hide outcomes from public review
D. remove every measurable result
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. complex systems
B. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C. affected people
D. durable outcomes
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Fragmented responsibilities
B. Short funding cycles
C. Pressure for rapid results
D. Long-term institutional learning
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
C. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
D. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. reliable
B. defensible
C. trustworthy
D. unconvincing
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
B. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
C. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
D. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Because open science is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
B. Addressing open science requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve open science without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. The best way to address open science is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
