Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 35
⏱ 50 phút📝 40 câu✅ Đã làm 0/40
Thời gian
50:00
Câu 1/40Đáp án được lưu tự động
1
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
Chọn một đáp án
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 35
Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút
1
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
Chọn một đáp án
2
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
Chọn một đáp án
3
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
Chọn một đáp án
4
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
Chọn một đáp án
5
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
Chọn một đáp án
6
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
Chọn một đáp án
7
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
Chọn một đáp án
8
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
Chọn một đáp án
9
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
Chọn một đáp án
10
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
Chọn một đáp án
11
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
Chọn một đáp án
12
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
Chọn một đáp án
13
a. Linh: I thought open science was mainly about uploading a final paper without a paywall. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more institutionally transformative. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on open science should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; well-documented sharing can improve verification, accelerate discovery, reduce duplicated effort, and widen participation. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that uploading a final paper without a paywall. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
16
a. My interest in open science began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
17
a. The town first treated open science as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
18
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
Chọn một đáp án
19
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
Chọn một đáp án
20
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
Chọn một đáp án
21
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
Chọn một đáp án
22
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
Chọn một đáp án
23
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
Chọn một đáp án
24
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
25
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
26
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
27
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
28
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
29
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
Chọn một đáp án
30
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
Chọn một đáp án
31
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
Chọn một đáp án
32
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
33
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
34
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
Chọn một đáp án
35
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
36
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
37
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
38
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
39
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
40
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
Thông tin đề
Cách sử dụng Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 35
Trước khi làm: chuẩn bị giấy nháp, giữ đúng thời lượng 50 phút và hạn chế mở tài liệu để kết quả phản ánh đúng mức hiện tại.
Trong khi làm: câu trả lời được lưu tự động trên trình duyệt. Bạn có thể chuyển giữa chế độ từng câu và khổ A4 mà không mất lựa chọn đã nhập.
Sau khi nộp: xem điểm, đáp án đúng và phần giải thích. Hãy ghi lại nhóm lỗi sai để quyết định chuyên đề cần ôn lại trước đề tiếp theo.
Tự học sau khi làm đề
Đáp án và giải thích từng câu
Phần này giúp bạn rà soát lại kiến thức sau khi đã thử làm đề. Mỗi mục giữ nguyên nội dung câu hỏi, đáp án đúng và lời giải có trong dữ liệu gốc.
1Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 1
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A.technically routine
B.administratively effortless
C.institutionally transformative
D.conceptually superficial
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Sau trạng từ nhấn mạnh cần một cụm tính từ; ‘institutionally transformative’ phù hợp với ý bài.
2Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 2
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A.initiative-led
B.initiatively designed
C.open-by-design
D.initiating
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘open-by-design’ là tính từ ghép tự nhiên bổ nghĩa cho programme/project.
3Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 3
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A.coversing
B.coversed
C.brief
D.covers
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Chủ ngữ số ít ở hiện tại đơn cần động từ chia phù hợp: ‘covers’.
4Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 4
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A.to
B.with
C.on
D.for
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Cụm cố định là tailored/adapted/matched to something.
5Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 5
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A.make an evidence
B.take deeper into
C.audit reproducible workflows
D.advance the deeply
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Cụm ‘audit reproducible workflows’ đúng ngữ pháp và hợp nghĩa.
6Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 6
It is tempting to reduce designing open research practices to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A.have creating data documentation
B.creating data documentation
C.creat data documentation
D.to creating data documentation
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Sau ‘accustomed/unaccustomed to’ dùng danh động từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
7Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 7
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A.has been limiting
B.limiting
C.limit
D.limited
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Sau động từ khuyết thiếu ‘may/can’ cần động từ nguyên mẫu không ‘to’.
8Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 8
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A.oversee to
B.look after
C.look over
D.overlook
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ trong ngữ cảnh này nghĩa là bỏ sót/không chú ý đến.
9Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 9
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A.On behalf of
B.As far as
C.Instead of
D.In view of
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘Instead of’ diễn đạt sự thay thế một cách làm bằng cách làm khác.
10Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 10
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A.volume
B.standard
C.number
D.quality
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:‘volume’ kết hợp tự nhiên với ‘preventable harm’ trong ngữ cảnh.
11Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 11
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A.altogether
B.responsibly
C.temporarily
D.randomly
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Trạng từ ‘responsibly’ mô tả phù hợp cách ghi nhận hoặc sắp xếp dữ liệu/vật liệu.
12Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 12
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in sharing conclusions while withholding methods, data, or code without justification, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select shared repositories and training where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document publications, datasets, software, protocols, and hardware designs (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A.responsibly
B.responsible
C.responsive
D.responsibility
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Cần trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ manage.
13Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 13
a. Linh: I thought open science was mainly about uploading a final paper without a paywall. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more institutionally transformative. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – a
B.a – c – b
C.c – b – a
D.a – b – c
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Linh nêu quan niệm ban đầu, Minh phản hồi bằng bằng chứng, sau đó Linh thay đổi cách tiếp cận.
14Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on open science should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; well-documented sharing can improve verification, accelerate discovery, reduce duplicated effort, and widen participation. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – b – c – d – e
B.a – c – d – e – b
C.b – c – d – e – a
D.e – d – c – b – a
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Trình tự tự nhiên: nêu quyết định → hỏi tiêu chí → xác định lợi ích → suy ra cách đánh giá → thống nhất hành động.
15Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that uploading a final paper without a paywall. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – b – c – d – e
B.e – d – c – b – a
C.b – c – d – e – a
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn văn phát triển theo tiến trình nghiên cứu: giả định → đối chiếu → phát hiện hạn chế → điều chỉnh → kết quả.
16Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 16
a. My interest in open science began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – d – e – a
B.a – c – d – e – b
C.a – b – c – d – e
D.e – d – c – b – a
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Tiểu sử đi theo thời gian và quan hệ nhân quả: khởi đầu → nhận thức → đào tạo → nghề nghiệp → đánh giá hiện tại.
17Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 17
a. The town first treated open science as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – b – c – d – e
B.b – c – d – e – a
C.e – d – c – b – a
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Trình tự: cách nhìn ban đầu → sự kiện làm lộ vấn đề → phản ứng tổ chức → biện pháp → đánh giá thận trọng.
18Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 18
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C.That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
D.In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (18); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
19Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 19
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A.The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
B.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
C.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D.In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (19); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
20Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 20
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
C.In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
D.The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (20); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
21Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 21
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
C.The next stage examined the mechanism: openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
D.In response, the ‘Evidence Everyone Can Inspect’ team began by consulting researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (21); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
22Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 22
A public discussion about open science often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
D.That simplification is risky: open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (22); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
23Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 23
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A.A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B.The need to interpret evidence in context
C.Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D.A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn đọc nhấn mạnh tính phụ thuộc bối cảnh, không khẳng định có một giải pháp giống nhau cho mọi nơi.
24Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 24
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.misses
B.recognises
C.neglects
D.ignores
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ nghĩa là bỏ sót; từ trái nghĩa là ‘recognise’.
25Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 25
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.uploading a final paper without a paywall
B.Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement.
C.Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration.
D.Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Cụm chỉ định quay lại cơ chế vừa được trình bày ngay trước đó.
26Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 26
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A.socially negotiated
B.automatic and uncritical
C.carefully calibrated
D.physically engineered
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Trong ngữ cảnh, ‘mechanical conclusions’ là kết luận áp dụng tự động, thiếu phê phán.
27Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 27
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A.The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
B.Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
C.Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D.Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ đủ hai ý: bằng chứng hữu ích nhưng không được bỏ qua giới hạn và bối cảnh.
28Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 28
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration.
B.The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C.The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
D.The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Nội dung này được nêu trực tiếp ở đoạn 4.
29Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 29
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A.Paragraph 4
B.Paragraph 3
C.Paragraph 1
D.Paragraph 2
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn 2 trình bày cơ chế tạo ra hoặc truyền dẫn vấn đề.
30Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 30
Paragraph 1. Open science seeks to make scientific knowledge, methods, data, software, and infrastructure more accessible, transparent, collaborative, and reusable. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to uploading a final paper without a paywall. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Openness can operate throughout the research cycle, from question formation and methods to peer review, publication, preservation, and public engagement. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. International frameworks emphasise open access, open data, open software, inclusive participation, and appropriate safeguards rather than a single publishing model. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Open does not mean unregulated; privacy, security, Indigenous data governance, and legitimate commercial constraints may require controlled access.
Paragraph 4. Funders and institutions can reward reusable outputs, invest in repositories and training, and recognise diverse knowledge systems. Evaluation systems are gradually expanding beyond journal prestige to recognise data, software, replication, and public collaboration. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among researchers, universities, funders, publishers, communities, and infrastructure providers.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A.Paragraph 4
B.Paragraph 1
C.Paragraph 2
D.Paragraph 3
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 nêu chính sách, xu hướng tương lai và phối hợp giữa các bên.
31Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 31
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A.[III]
B.[IV]
C.[II]
D.[I]
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Câu này kết luận từ câu trước và mở sang phân tích rộng hơn, phù hợp nhất ở vị trí [IV].
32Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 32
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A.guarantee that benefits will last
B.give priority to results that are easy to display
C.hide outcomes from public review
D.remove every measurable result
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:‘Privilege’ ở đây nghĩa là ưu tiên; ‘visible outputs’ là kết quả dễ nhìn thấy/trình bày.
33Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 33
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.complex systems
B.short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C.affected people
D.durable outcomes
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đại từ chỉ toàn bộ danh sách các ràng buộc ở câu trước.
34Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 34
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A.Fragmented responsibilities
B.Short funding cycles
C.Pressure for rapid results
D.Long-term institutional learning
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Ba phương án còn lại được nêu trực tiếp; học hỏi dài hạn không phải nguyên nhân của quyết định hẹp.
35Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 35
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A.Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B.A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
C.Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
D.Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đoạn 3 nêu các hệ quả ngoài ý muốn và sự chuyển dịch chi phí/rủi ro.
36Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 36
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.reliable
B.defensible
C.trustworthy
D.unconvincing
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘Credible’ là đáng tin; trái nghĩa là ‘unconvincing’.
37Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 37
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B.Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C.A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D.Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 khẳng định việc kiểm tra hệ quả ngoài ý muốn hỗ trợ điều chỉnh khi điều kiện thay đổi.
38Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 38
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A.In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
B.Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
C.Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
D.Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ nguyên so sánh giữa năng lực học hỏi và sự chắc chắn ban đầu.
39Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 39
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A.Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
B.The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C.Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
D.Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Lập luận toàn bài cho thấy hiệu quả bề ngoài chưa bảo đảm tính bền vững nếu bỏ qua quản trị và năng lực duy trì.
40Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 40
[I] Efforts to address open science have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A.Because open science is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
B.Addressing open science requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C.Technical expertise alone can resolve open science without attention to distribution or institutions.
D.The best way to address open science is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đáp án bao quát các ý chính: đánh giá rộng, tham gia, so sánh phương án và học hỏi liên tục.
