Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 34
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 34, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. technically routine
B. administratively effortless
C. infrastructure-dependent
D. conceptually superficial
Câu 2.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiating
B. demand-led
C. initiative-led
D. initiatively designed
Câu 3.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. quantifiesing
B. brief
C. quantifies
D. quantifiesed
Câu 4.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. to
B. on
C. with
D. for
Câu 5.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. make an evidence
B. take deeper into
C. advance the deeply
D. compare lifecycle emissions
Câu 6.
At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. mapp production pathways
B. to mapping production pathways
C. have mapping production pathways
D. mapping production pathways
Câu 7.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. conceal
B. has been concealing
C. concealing
D. concealed
Câu 8.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look over
B. look after
C. overlook
D. oversee to
Câu 9.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. Instead of
B. In view of
C. On behalf of
D. As far as
Câu 10.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. number
B. scale
C. standard
D. quality
Câu 11.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. altogether
C. selectively
D. randomly
Câu 12.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsibly
C. responsibility
D. responsive
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought low-emissions hydrogen was mainly about checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more infrastructure-dependent.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. a – c – b
C. a – b – c
D. c – b – a
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on low-emissions hydrogen should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; hydrogen and derived fuels may help reduce emissions in selected industrial, shipping, aviation, or long-duration storage applications.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in low-emissions hydrogen began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated low-emissions hydrogen as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
B. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
B. In response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. In response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. The need to interpret evidence in context
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. neglects
B. ignores
C. recognises
D. misses
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.
B. checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use
C. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. automatic and uncritical
B. socially negotiated
C. physically engineered
D. carefully calibrated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [IV]
B. [II]
C. [I]
D. [III]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. remove every measurable result
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. affected people
B. durable outcomes
C. complex systems
D. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Short funding cycles
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Fragmented responsibilities
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
D. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. defensible
B. trustworthy
C. unconvincing
D. reliable
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
D. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. The best way to address low-emissions hydrogen is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Because low-emissions hydrogen is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve low-emissions hydrogen without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. Addressing low-emissions hydrogen requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
