Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 34

⏱ 50 phút📝 40 câu✅ Đã làm 0/40

Thời gian

50:00

Câu 1/40Đáp án được lưu tự động

At first glance, assessing low-emissions hydrogen projects may appear no more complicated than checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.

Choose the option that best fits blank (1).

Chọn một đáp án

Atechnically routineBadministratively effortlessCinfrastructure-dependentDconceptually superficial

Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT

Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 34

Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút

Chọn một đáp án

Atechnically routineBadministratively effortlessCinfrastructure-dependentDconceptually superficial

Chọn một đáp án

AinitiatingBdemand-ledCinitiative-ledDinitiatively designed

Chọn một đáp án

AquantifiesingBbriefCquantifiesDquantifiesed

Chọn một đáp án

AtoBonCwithDfor

Chọn một đáp án

Amake an evidenceBtake deeper intoCadvance the deeplyDcompare lifecycle emissions

Chọn một đáp án

Amapp production pathwaysBto mapping production pathwaysChave mapping production pathwaysDmapping production pathways

A Better Response Begins Upstream

When organisations continue promoting hydrogen without specifying how it is produced or used, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour direct electrification where feasible when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document electrolysers, pipelines, storage tanks, and hydrogen-derived fuels (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.

Choose the option that best fits blank (7).

Chọn một đáp án

AconcealBhas been concealingCconcealingDconcealed

Chọn một đáp án

Alook overBlook afterCoverlookDoversee to

Chọn một đáp án

AInstead ofBIn view ofCOn behalf ofDAs far as

Chọn một đáp án

AnumberBscaleCstandardDquality

Chọn một đáp án

AtemporarilyBaltogetherCselectivelyDrandomly

Chọn một đáp án

AresponsibleBresponsiblyCresponsibilityDresponsive

a. Linh: I thought low-emissions hydrogen was mainly about checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more infrastructure-dependent.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Ab – c – aBa – c – bCa – b – cDc – b – a

a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on low-emissions hydrogen should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; hydrogen and derived fuels may help reduce emissions in selected industrial, shipping, aviation, or long-duration storage applications.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Ab – c – d – e – aBa – c – d – e – bCa – b – c – d – eDe – d – c – b – a

a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – b – c – d – eBa – c – d – e – bCe – d – c – b – aDb – c – d – e – a

a. My interest in low-emissions hydrogen began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – c – d – e – bBa – b – c – d – eCb – c – d – e – aDe – d – c – b – a

a. The town first treated low-emissions hydrogen as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – c – d – e – bBa – b – c – d – eCe – d – c – b – aDb – c – d – e – a

A public discussion about low-emissions hydrogen often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.

Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).

Chọn một đáp án

AThe final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.BThat simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.CBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.DThe next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.

Chọn một đáp án

AThat simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.BIn response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.CThe next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.DBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Chọn một đáp án

AEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.BBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.CThe next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.DThat simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Chọn một đáp án

AIn response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.BThe final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.CThe next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.DEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.

Chọn một đáp án

AThat simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.BThe final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.CThe next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.DBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?

Chọn một đáp án

AA mechanism that produces varied outcomesBA universal solution that works identically in every settingCThe need to interpret evidence in contextDCooperation among multiple stakeholders

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

AneglectsBignoresCrecognisesDmisses

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.Bchecking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of useCLow-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.DStandards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Aautomatic and uncriticalBsocially negotiatedCphysically engineeredDcarefully calibrated

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?

Chọn một đáp án

AContext matters only when no scientific observations are available.BOnce evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.CThe evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.DEvidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.BThe passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.CThe sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.DThe issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?

Chọn một đáp án

AParagraph 3BParagraph 4CParagraph 1DParagraph 2

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?

Chọn một đáp án

AParagraph 4BParagraph 1CParagraph 3DParagraph 2

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’

Chọn một đáp án

A[IV]B[II]C[I]D[III]

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Aremove every measurable resultBguarantee that benefits will lastCgive priority to results that are easy to displayDhide outcomes from public review

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Aaffected peopleBdurable outcomesCcomplex systemsDshort funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?

Chọn một đáp án

APressure for rapid resultsBShort funding cyclesCLong-term institutional learningDFragmented responsibilities

Chọn một đáp án

AMaintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.BTechnical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.CAverage improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.DA seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

AdefensibleBtrustworthyCunconvincingDreliable

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Chọn một đáp án

AA single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.BRapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.CConsultation should occur only after a programme has ended.DMonitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?

Chọn một đáp án

AInitial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.BLearning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.CIn complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.DComplex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.

Chọn một đáp án

AProgrammes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.BThe slowest programme is always the most effective.CQuantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.DAffected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe best way to address low-emissions hydrogen is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.BBecause low-emissions hydrogen is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.CTechnical expertise alone can resolve low-emissions hydrogen without attention to distribution or institutions.DAddressing low-emissions hydrogen requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.

Thông tin đề

Cách sử dụng Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 34

Trước khi làm: chuẩn bị giấy nháp, giữ đúng thời lượng 50 phút và hạn chế mở tài liệu để kết quả phản ánh đúng mức hiện tại.

Trong khi làm: câu trả lời được lưu tự động trên trình duyệt. Bạn có thể chuyển giữa chế độ từng câu và khổ A4 mà không mất lựa chọn đã nhập.

Sau khi nộp: xem điểm, đáp án đúng và phần giải thích. Hãy ghi lại nhóm lỗi sai để quyết định chuyên đề cần ôn lại trước đề tiếp theo.

Tự học sau khi làm đề

Đáp án và giải thích từng câu

Phần này giúp bạn rà soát lại kiến thức sau khi đã thử làm đề. Mỗi mục giữ nguyên nội dung câu hỏi, đáp án đúng và lời giải có trong dữ liệu gốc.

1Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 1

A. technically routine
B. administratively effortless
C. infrastructure-dependent
D. conceptually superficial

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Sau trạng từ nhấn mạnh cần một cụm tính từ; ‘infrastructure-dependent’ phù hợp với ý bài.

2Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 2

A. initiating
B. demand-led
C. initiative-led
D. initiatively designed

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: ‘demand-led’ là tính từ ghép tự nhiên bổ nghĩa cho programme/project.

3Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 3

A. quantifiesing
B. brief
C. quantifies
D. quantifiesed

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Chủ ngữ số ít ở hiện tại đơn cần động từ chia phù hợp: ‘quantifies’.

4Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 4

A. to
B. on
C. with
D. for

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Cụm cố định là tailored/adapted/matched to something.

5Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 5

A. make an evidence
B. take deeper into
C. advance the deeply
D. compare lifecycle emissions

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Cụm ‘compare lifecycle emissions’ đúng ngữ pháp và hợp nghĩa.

6Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 6

A. mapp production pathways
B. to mapping production pathways
C. have mapping production pathways
D. mapping production pathways

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Sau ‘accustomed/unaccustomed to’ dùng danh động từ hoặc cụm danh từ.

7Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 7

A. conceal
B. has been concealing
C. concealing
D. concealed

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Sau động từ khuyết thiếu ‘may/can’ cần động từ nguyên mẫu không ‘to’.

8Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 8

A. look over
B. look after
C. overlook
D. oversee to

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Overlook’ trong ngữ cảnh này nghĩa là bỏ sót/không chú ý đến.

9Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 9

A. Instead of
B. In view of
C. On behalf of
D. As far as

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: ‘Instead of’ diễn đạt sự thay thế một cách làm bằng cách làm khác.

10Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 10

A. number
B. scale
C. standard
D. quality

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: ‘scale’ kết hợp tự nhiên với ‘preventable harm’ trong ngữ cảnh.

11Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 11

A. temporarily
B. altogether
C. selectively
D. randomly

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Trạng từ ‘selectively’ mô tả phù hợp cách ghi nhận hoặc sắp xếp dữ liệu/vật liệu.

12Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 12

A. responsible
B. responsibly
C. responsibility
D. responsive

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Cần trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ manage.

13Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 13

A. b – c – a
B. a – c – b
C. a – b – c
D. c – b – a

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Linh nêu quan niệm ban đầu, Minh phản hồi bằng bằng chứng, sau đó Linh thay đổi cách tiếp cận.

14Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 14

A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Trình tự tự nhiên: nêu quyết định → hỏi tiêu chí → xác định lợi ích → suy ra cách đánh giá → thống nhất hành động.

15Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 15

A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Đoạn văn phát triển theo tiến trình nghiên cứu: giả định → đối chiếu → phát hiện hạn chế → điều chỉnh → kết quả.

16Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 16

A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Tiểu sử đi theo thời gian và quan hệ nhân quả: khởi đầu → nhận thức → đào tạo → nghề nghiệp → đánh giá hiện tại.

17Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 17

A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Trình tự: cách nhìn ban đầu → sự kiện làm lộ vấn đề → phản ứng tổ chức → biện pháp → đánh giá thận trọng.

18Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 18

A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
B. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (18); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

19Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 19

A. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
B. In response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (19); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

20Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 20

A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (20); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

21Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 21

A. In response, the ‘Molecules for Hard Sectors’ team began by consulting industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (21); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

22Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 22

A. That simplification is risky: hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (22); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

23Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 23

A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. The need to interpret evidence in context
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Đoạn đọc nhấn mạnh tính phụ thuộc bối cảnh, không khẳng định có một giải pháp giống nhau cho mọi nơi.

24Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 24

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A. neglects
B. ignores
C. recognises
D. misses

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Overlook’ nghĩa là bỏ sót; từ trái nghĩa là ‘recognise’.

25Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 25

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.
B. checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use
C. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs.
D. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Cụm chỉ định quay lại cơ chế vừa được trình bày ngay trước đó.

26Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 26

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.

A. automatic and uncritical
B. socially negotiated
C. physically engineered
D. carefully calibrated

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Trong ngữ cảnh, ‘mechanical conclusions’ là kết luận áp dụng tự động, thiếu phê phán.

27Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 27

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?

A. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đáp án giữ đủ hai ý: bằng chứng hữu ích nhưng không được bỏ qua giới hạn và bối cảnh.

28Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 28

A. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Nội dung này được nêu trực tiếp ở đoạn 4.

29Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 29

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?

A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 2

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đoạn 2 trình bày cơ chế tạo ra hoặc truyền dẫn vấn đề.

30Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 30

Paragraph 1. Hydrogen is an energy carrier whose climate impact depends on production methods, electricity sources, methane leakage, transport, and final use. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether hydrogen releases carbon at the point of use. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Low-emissions production may use renewable or nuclear electricity in electrolysers or fossil fuels with strong emissions controls, each with distinct costs and infrastructure needs. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Most current hydrogen demand remains concentrated in refining and chemicals, and much production still relies on unabated fossil fuels. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Hydrogen is not automatically clean and may be less efficient than direct electrification for many end uses.

Paragraph 4. Standards for lifecycle emissions, targeted demand support, infrastructure planning, and credible offtake agreements are more useful than production targets alone. The sector is shifting from large announcement pipelines toward projects with firm demand, financing, and verifiable emissions performance. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among industrial users, energy producers, ports, regulators, investors, and local communities.

In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?

A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nêu chính sách, xu hướng tương lai và phối hợp giữa các bên.

31Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 31

A. [IV]
B. [II]
C. [I]
D. [III]

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Câu này kết luận từ câu trước và mở sang phân tích rộng hơn, phù hợp nhất ở vị trí [IV].

32Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 32

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.

A. remove every measurable result
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. hide outcomes from public review

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Privilege’ ở đây nghĩa là ưu tiên; ‘visible outputs’ là kết quả dễ nhìn thấy/trình bày.

33Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 33

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. affected people
B. durable outcomes
C. complex systems
D. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đại từ chỉ toàn bộ danh sách các ràng buộc ở câu trước.

34Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 34

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?

A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Short funding cycles
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Fragmented responsibilities

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Ba phương án còn lại được nêu trực tiếp; học hỏi dài hạn không phải nguyên nhân của quyết định hẹp.

35Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 35

A. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
D. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đoạn 3 nêu các hệ quả ngoài ý muốn và sự chuyển dịch chi phí/rủi ro.

36Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 36

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A. defensible
B. trustworthy
C. unconvincing
D. reliable

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Credible’ là đáng tin; trái nghĩa là ‘unconvincing’.

37Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 37

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
D. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đoạn 4 khẳng định việc kiểm tra hệ quả ngoài ý muốn hỗ trợ điều chỉnh khi điều kiện thay đổi.

38Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 38

[I] Efforts to address low-emissions hydrogen have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?

A. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đáp án giữ nguyên so sánh giữa năng lực học hỏi và sự chắc chắn ban đầu.

39Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 39

A. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Lập luận toàn bài cho thấy hiệu quả bề ngoài chưa bảo đảm tính bền vững nếu bỏ qua quản trị và năng lực duy trì.

40Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 40

A. The best way to address low-emissions hydrogen is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Because low-emissions hydrogen is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve low-emissions hydrogen without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. Addressing low-emissions hydrogen requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đáp án bao quát các ý chính: đánh giá rộng, tham gia, so sánh phương án và học hỏi liên tục.