Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 33
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 33, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. administratively effortless
B. data-intensive
C. conceptually superficial
D. technically routine
Câu 2.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. earth-observation
B. initiative-led
C. initiatively designed
D. initiating
Câu 3.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. integratesed
B. integratesing
C. integrates
D. brief
Câu 4.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. for
B. on
C. to
D. with
Câu 5.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. validate spectral indicators
B. make an evidence
C. advance the deeply
D. take deeper into
Câu 6.
Many learners assume that interpreting satellite observations of farmland is little more than taking a single photograph of a field. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Harvest from Orbit’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. have matching images with field notes
B. matching images with field notes
C. to matching images with field notes
D. match images with field notes
Câu 7.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. delay
B. delayed
C. delaying
D. has been delaying
Câu 8.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look after
B. look over
C. oversee to
D. overlook
Câu 9.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. Instead of
B. As far as
C. In view of
D. On behalf of
Câu 10.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. number
B. quality
C. standard
D. extent
Câu 11.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. altogether
C. systematically
D. randomly
Câu 12.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in estimating crop conditions from sparse ground reports alone without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ recognition of drought, flood, or planting changes. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose ground verification networks where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document optical images, radar data, soil-moisture estimates, and field records (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsibility
C. responsive
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought satellite crop monitoring was mainly about taking a single photograph of a field.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more data-intensive.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. a – b – c
C. c – b – a
D. a – c – b
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on satellite crop monitoring should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; satellite data can support crop forecasts, disaster assessment, irrigation planning, and food-security monitoring where field access is limited.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that taking a single photograph of a field.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in satellite crop monitoring began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Harvest from Orbit’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated satellite crop monitoring as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about satellite crop monitoring often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. That simplification is risky: remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
B. In response, the ‘Harvest from Orbit’ team began by consulting farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about satellite crop monitoring often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. That simplification is risky: remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions.
C. In response, the ‘Harvest from Orbit’ team began by consulting farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about satellite crop monitoring often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions.
D. That simplification is risky: remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about satellite crop monitoring often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. In response, the ‘Harvest from Orbit’ team began by consulting farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about satellite crop monitoring often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions.
B. In response, the ‘Harvest from Orbit’ team began by consulting farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
C. That simplification is risky: remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
C. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
D. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. ignores
B. misses
C. neglects
D. recognises
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions.
B. taking a single photograph of a field
C. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure.
D. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. physically engineered
B. automatic and uncritical
C. socially negotiated
D. carefully calibrated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
C. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Earth-observing satellites monitor crop type, vegetation condition, soil moisture, flooding, and land-use change across large areas. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to taking a single photograph of a field. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Repeated measurements reveal spatial and temporal patterns, while different sensors detect reflected light, temperature, moisture, or surface structure. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Operational programmes combine satellite observations with farmer surveys and ground data to map crops and estimate conditions. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Remote sensing does not eliminate field knowledge; it extends observation but still requires verification and contextual interpretation.
Paragraph 4. Open data, local calibration, transparent models, and training help agencies translate imagery into decisions. New radar missions and higher-frequency data are improving monitoring during cloudy periods and rapidly changing seasons. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, statisticians, satellite agencies, relief organisations, and agricultural ministries.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 1
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [II]
B. [IV]
C. [I]
D. [III]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. hide outcomes from public review
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. remove every measurable result
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. complex systems
B. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C. durable outcomes
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Long-term institutional learning
B. Fragmented responsibilities
C. Short funding cycles
D. Pressure for rapid results
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
B. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. unconvincing
B. trustworthy
C. reliable
D. defensible
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
B. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
C. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
D. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address satellite crop monitoring have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Technical expertise alone can resolve satellite crop monitoring without attention to distribution or institutions.
B. Addressing satellite crop monitoring requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C. Because satellite crop monitoring is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. The best way to address satellite crop monitoring is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
