Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 32
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 32, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. administratively effortless
B. conceptually superficial
C. technically routine
D. analytically challenging
Câu 2.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. source-to-sea
B. initiating
C. initiatively designed
D. initiative-led
Câu 3.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. identifiesed
B. identifiesing
C. brief
D. identifies
Câu 4.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. on
B. with
C. to
D. for
Câu 5.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. compare sampling protocols
B. advance the deeply
C. take deeper into
D. make an evidence
Câu 6.
People often picture tracking microplastic pollution as simply collecting visible litter from a beach. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Particles in Motion’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. to preventing sample contamination
B. prevent sample contamination
C. have preventing sample contamination
D. preventing sample contamination
Câu 7.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. disperseing
B. has been disperseing
C. disperse
D. dispersed
Câu 8.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look after
B. oversee to
C. look over
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. On behalf of
B. Instead of
C. In view of
D. As far as
Câu 10.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. magnitude
B. quality
C. standard
D. number
Câu 11.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. accurately
C. randomly
D. altogether
Câu 12.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in allowing plastic products and fibres to fragment across their life cycles, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use source-reduction measures when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document fibres, fragments, pellets, and tyre-wear particles (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsibly
B. responsibility
C. responsible
D. responsive
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought microplastics was mainly about collecting visible litter from a beach.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more analytically challenging.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. c – b – a
B. a – c – b
C. a – b – c
D. b – c – a
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on microplastics should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; standardised monitoring can identify major sources and evaluate prevention technologies rather than focusing only on particles already dispersed.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that collecting visible litter from a beach.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 16.
a. My interest in microplastics began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Particles in Motion’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated microplastics as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about microplastics often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. That simplification is risky: finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
B. In response, the ‘Particles in Motion’ team began by consulting manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: they move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about microplastics often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. That simplification is risky: finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
B. In response, the ‘Particles in Motion’ team began by consulting manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: they move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about microplastics often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: they move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. That simplification is risky: finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about microplastics often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. In response, the ‘Particles in Motion’ team began by consulting manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
C. That simplification is risky: finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: they move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about microplastics often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: they move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. neglects
B. recognises
C. misses
D. ignores
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. collecting visible litter from a beach
B. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate.
C. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up.
D. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. physically engineered
B. carefully calibrated
C. socially negotiated
D. automatic and uncritical
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
B. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
B. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
C. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
D. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 1
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Microplastics are plastic particles up to five millimetres in size that originate as manufactured particles or from the breakdown of larger items. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to collecting visible litter from a beach. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. They move through rivers, wastewater, oceans, soils, and the atmosphere, while size, density, shape, and surface chemistry influence where they accumulate. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Research has detected microplastics in many environments and organisms, but exposure levels and health implications require careful interpretation. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Finding a particle does not by itself establish harm; risk depends on dose, properties, exposure route, and biological response.
Paragraph 4. Upstream product design, waste prevention, textile and tyre solutions, wastewater treatment, and responsible consumption can complement clean-up. Scientists are working toward harmonised methods and source-based interventions that prevent particles before they become widely dispersed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among manufacturers, consumers, wastewater operators, researchers, and environmental regulators.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [IV]
C. [II]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. remove every measurable result
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. durable outcomes
B. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C. complex systems
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Fragmented responsibilities
B. Long-term institutional learning
C. Pressure for rapid results
D. Short funding cycles
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
D. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. defensible
B. reliable
C. trustworthy
D. unconvincing
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
D. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
C. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address microplastics have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. The best way to address microplastics is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Addressing microplastics requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C. Because microplastics is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. Technical expertise alone can resolve microplastics without attention to distribution or institutions.
