Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 31
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 31, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. administratively effortless
B. technically routine
C. conceptually superficial
D. physiologically coordinated
Câu 2.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiating
B. rhythm-aware
C. initiatively designed
D. initiative-led
Câu 3.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. explainsed
B. explainsing
C. explains
D. brief
Câu 4.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. on
B. with
C. for
D. to
Câu 5.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. make an evidence
B. take deeper into
C. interpret phase-shift data
D. advance the deeply
Câu 6.
It is tempting to reduce studying sleep-wake timing to counting total hours spent in bed. That assumption overlooks how (1) ______ the work becomes when evidence conflicts. The new (2) ______ initiative ‘Time Signals’ begins with a session that (3) ______ the wider consequences of each decision. Tasks are matched (4) ______ learners’ existing skills. Advanced participants may (5) ______; beginners, who are unfamiliar with (6) ______, first practise in a controlled setting.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. to keeping sleep diaries
B. keeping sleep diaries
C. keep sleep diaries
D. have keeping sleep diaries
Câu 7.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. misalign
B. misaligned
C. has been misaligning
D. misaligning
Câu 8.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look after
B. look over
C. oversee to
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. On behalf of
C. As far as
D. Instead of
Câu 10.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. standard
B. number
C. level
D. quality
Câu 11.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. randomly
B. consistently
C. altogether
D. temporarily
Câu 12.
Practical Change, Not Symbolic Change
When organisations persist in changing sleep schedules repeatedly without considering light exposure, they can (7) ______ long-term harm. At the same time, decision-makers may (8) ______ early warnings because the damage is dispersed. Select consistent sleep routines where evidence supports it. (9) ______ adopting a fashionable stand-alone measure, compare several interventions. The aim is to cut the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document sleep logs, light measurements, and melatonin profiles (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsibility
C. responsive
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought circadian rhythms was mainly about counting total hours spent in bed.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more physiologically coordinated.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – b
B. c – b – a
C. b – c – a
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on circadian rhythms should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; stable schedules and appropriately timed light can help align sleep with work, school, and the external day-night cycle.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that counting total hours spent in bed.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 16.
a. My interest in circadian rhythms began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Time Signals’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated circadian rhythms as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 18.
A public discussion about circadian rhythms often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. That simplification is risky: sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
B. In response, the ‘Time Signals’ team began by consulting students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: a central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about circadian rhythms often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: a central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. In response, the ‘Time Signals’ team began by consulting students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about circadian rhythms often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. That simplification is risky: sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: a central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain.
D. In response, the ‘Time Signals’ team began by consulting students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about circadian rhythms often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. In response, the ‘Time Signals’ team began by consulting students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: a central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about circadian rhythms often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: a central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
D. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. ignores
B. misses
C. recognises
D. neglects
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. counting total hours spent in bed
B. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive.
C. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain.
D. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. automatic and uncritical
B. physically engineered
C. carefully calibrated
D. socially negotiated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
B. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive.
C. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour biological cycles coordinated by internal clocks and environmental cues, especially light. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to counting total hours spent in bed. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. A central clock in the brain synchronises many processes, while clocks in tissues help regulate sleep, hormones, metabolism, temperature, and alertness. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Sleep diaries, activity monitors, temperature patterns, and melatonin timing can reveal whether a person’s internal phase is delayed or advanced. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Sleep duration and circadian alignment are related but not identical; a person may sleep long enough at a biologically unfavourable time.
Paragraph 4. Work and school schedules can be designed with biological timing in mind, although operational constraints and individual differences remain. Personalised timing interventions may improve as wearable measurements become more reliable and less intrusive. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among students, shift workers, clinicians, employers, and transport-safety agencies.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 4
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [IV]
B. [III]
C. [II]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. remove every measurable result
B. hide outcomes from public review
C. guarantee that benefits will last
D. give priority to results that are easy to display
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. durable outcomes
B. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
C. complex systems
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Long-term institutional learning
C. Fragmented responsibilities
D. Short funding cycles
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
D. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. trustworthy
B. unconvincing
C. reliable
D. defensible
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
B. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
C. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
D. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
B. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
C. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
C. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address circadian rhythms have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Technical expertise alone can resolve circadian rhythms without attention to distribution or institutions.
B. The best way to address circadian rhythms is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C. Because circadian rhythms is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. Addressing circadian rhythms requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
