Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 28
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 28, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. technically routine
B. administratively effortless
C. spatially uneven
D. conceptually superficial
Câu 2.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiative-led
B. initiatively designed
C. heat-resilient
D. initiating
Câu 3.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. revealsing
B. reveals
C. brief
D. revealsed
Câu 4.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. for
B. with
C. on
D. to
Câu 5.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. advance the deeply
B. compare surface and air temperatures
C. make an evidence
D. take deeper into
Câu 6.
People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. to surveying shade and materials
B. surveying shade and materials
C. have surveying shade and materials
D. survey shade and materials
Câu 7.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. has been raiseing
B. raised
C. raise
D. raiseing
Câu 8.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look over
B. look after
C. overlook
D. oversee to
Câu 9.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. Instead of
B. In view of
C. On behalf of
D. As far as
Câu 10.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. standard
B. quality
C. scale
D. number
Câu 11.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. strategically
B. randomly
C. temporarily
D. altogether
Câu 12.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsibility
B. responsive
C. responsible
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought urban heat islands was mainly about reading the citywide weather forecast.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more spatially uneven.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – b
B. c – b – a
C. b – c – a
D. a – b – c
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on urban heat islands should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; high-resolution mapping can identify priority locations for shade, cool roofs, green space, and health protection.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that reading the citywide weather forecast.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in urban heat islands began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Cooler Blocks’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated urban heat islands as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 18.
A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. In response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
C. In response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
D. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
C. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. The need to interpret evidence in context
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. ignores
B. neglects
C. recognises
D. misses
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.
B. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
C. reading the citywide weather forecast
D. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. physically engineered
B. socially negotiated
C. automatic and uncritical
D. carefully calibrated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.
C. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 1
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [III]
B. [I]
C. [II]
D. [IV]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. hide outcomes from public review
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. remove every measurable result
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. complex systems
B. affected people
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. durable outcomes
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Fragmented responsibilities
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Short funding cycles
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. reliable
B. unconvincing
C. trustworthy
D. defensible
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. The best way to address urban heat islands is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Technical expertise alone can resolve urban heat islands without attention to distribution or institutions.
C. Because urban heat islands is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. Addressing urban heat islands requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
