Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 28

⏱ 50 phút📝 40 câu✅ Đã làm 0/40

Thời gian

50:00

Câu 1/40Đáp án được lưu tự động

People often picture mapping neighbourhood heat exposure as simply reading the citywide weather forecast. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Cooler Blocks’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.

Choose the option that best fits blank (1).

Chọn một đáp án

Atechnically routineBadministratively effortlessCspatially unevenDconceptually superficial

Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT

Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 28

Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút

Chọn một đáp án

Atechnically routineBadministratively effortlessCspatially unevenDconceptually superficial

Chọn một đáp án

Ainitiative-ledBinitiatively designedCheat-resilientDinitiating

Chọn một đáp án

ArevealsingBrevealsCbriefDrevealsed

Chọn một đáp án

AforBwithConDto

Chọn một đáp án

Aadvance the deeplyBcompare surface and air temperaturesCmake an evidenceDtake deeper into

Chọn một đáp án

Ato surveying shade and materialsBsurveying shade and materialsChave surveying shade and materialsDsurvey shade and materials

Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem

When organisations repeatedly engage in replacing vegetation with dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use trees and reflective surfaces when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document asphalt, concrete, vegetation, and roofing (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.

Choose the option that best fits blank (7).

Chọn một đáp án

Ahas been raiseingBraisedCraiseDraiseing

Chọn một đáp án

Alook overBlook afterCoverlookDoversee to

Chọn một đáp án

AInstead ofBIn view ofCOn behalf ofDAs far as

Chọn một đáp án

AstandardBqualityCscaleDnumber

Chọn một đáp án

AstrategicallyBrandomlyCtemporarilyDaltogether

Chọn một đáp án

AresponsibilityBresponsiveCresponsibleDresponsibly

a. Linh: I thought urban heat islands was mainly about reading the citywide weather forecast.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more spatially uneven.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – c – bBc – b – aCb – c – aDa – b – c

a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on urban heat islands should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; high-resolution mapping can identify priority locations for shade, cool roofs, green space, and health protection.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Ab – c – d – e – aBa – c – d – e – bCa – b – c – d – eDe – d – c – b – a

a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that reading the citywide weather forecast.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Ab – c – d – e – aBa – c – d – e – bCa – b – c – d – eDe – d – c – b – a

a. My interest in urban heat islands began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Cooler Blocks’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – b – c – d – eBa – c – d – e – bCb – c – d – e – aDe – d – c – b – a

a. The town first treated urban heat islands as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.

Chọn một đáp án

Aa – c – d – e – bBe – d – c – b – aCb – c – d – e – aDa – b – c – d – e

A public discussion about urban heat islands often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.

Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).

Chọn một đáp án

AThat simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.BEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.CIn response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.DThe next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.

Chọn một đáp án

AEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.BThe next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.CIn response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.DBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.BBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.CThe next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.DThat simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Chọn một đáp án

AEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.BThe next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.CThat simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.DBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.BBy contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.CThat simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.DEvidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?

Chọn một đáp án

AA mechanism that produces varied outcomesBA universal solution that works identically in every settingCThe need to interpret evidence in contextDCooperation among multiple stakeholders

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

AignoresBneglectsCrecognisesDmisses

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

ACities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.BEffective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.Creading the citywide weather forecastDDark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Aphysically engineeredBsocially negotiatedCautomatic and uncriticalDcarefully calibrated

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?

Chọn một đáp án

AEvidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.BOnce evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.CThe evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.DContext matters only when no scientific observations are available.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.BCities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.CThe passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.DThe passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?

Chọn một đáp án

AParagraph 1BParagraph 4CParagraph 2DParagraph 3

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?

Chọn một đáp án

AParagraph 3BParagraph 4CParagraph 2DParagraph 1

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’

Chọn một đáp án

A[III]B[I]C[II]D[IV]

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Ahide outcomes from public reviewBguarantee that benefits will lastCgive priority to results that are easy to displayDremove every measurable result

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

Acomplex systemsBaffected peopleCshort funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick resultsDdurable outcomes

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?

Chọn một đáp án

APressure for rapid resultsBFragmented responsibilitiesCLong-term institutional learningDShort funding cycles

Chọn một đáp án

ATechnical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.BMaintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.CA seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.DAverage improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

Chọn một đáp án

AreliableBunconvincingCtrustworthyDdefensible

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Chọn một đáp án

AMonitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.BConsultation should occur only after a programme has ended.CA single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.DRapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?

Chọn một đáp án

AInitial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.BLearning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.CComplex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.DIn complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.

Chọn một đáp án

AProgrammes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.BThe slowest programme is always the most effective.CQuantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.DAffected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.

Chọn một đáp án

AThe best way to address urban heat islands is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.BTechnical expertise alone can resolve urban heat islands without attention to distribution or institutions.CBecause urban heat islands is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.DAddressing urban heat islands requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.

Thông tin đề

Cách sử dụng Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 28

Trước khi làm: chuẩn bị giấy nháp, giữ đúng thời lượng 50 phút và hạn chế mở tài liệu để kết quả phản ánh đúng mức hiện tại.

Trong khi làm: câu trả lời được lưu tự động trên trình duyệt. Bạn có thể chuyển giữa chế độ từng câu và khổ A4 mà không mất lựa chọn đã nhập.

Sau khi nộp: xem điểm, đáp án đúng và phần giải thích. Hãy ghi lại nhóm lỗi sai để quyết định chuyên đề cần ôn lại trước đề tiếp theo.

Tự học sau khi làm đề

Đáp án và giải thích từng câu

Phần này giúp bạn rà soát lại kiến thức sau khi đã thử làm đề. Mỗi mục giữ nguyên nội dung câu hỏi, đáp án đúng và lời giải có trong dữ liệu gốc.

1Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 1

A. technically routine
B. administratively effortless
C. spatially uneven
D. conceptually superficial

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Sau trạng từ nhấn mạnh cần một cụm tính từ; ‘spatially uneven’ phù hợp với ý bài.

2Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 2

A. initiative-led
B. initiatively designed
C. heat-resilient
D. initiating

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘heat-resilient’ là tính từ ghép tự nhiên bổ nghĩa cho programme/project.

3Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 3

A. revealsing
B. reveals
C. brief
D. revealsed

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Chủ ngữ số ít ở hiện tại đơn cần động từ chia phù hợp: ‘reveals’.

4Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 4

A. for
B. with
C. on
D. to

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Cụm cố định là tailored/adapted/matched to something.

5Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 5

A. advance the deeply
B. compare surface and air temperatures
C. make an evidence
D. take deeper into

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Cụm ‘compare surface and air temperatures’ đúng ngữ pháp và hợp nghĩa.

6Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 6

A. to surveying shade and materials
B. surveying shade and materials
C. have surveying shade and materials
D. survey shade and materials

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Sau ‘accustomed/unaccustomed to’ dùng danh động từ hoặc cụm danh từ.

7Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 7

A. has been raiseing
B. raised
C. raise
D. raiseing

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Sau động từ khuyết thiếu ‘may/can’ cần động từ nguyên mẫu không ‘to’.

8Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 8

A. look over
B. look after
C. overlook
D. oversee to

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Overlook’ trong ngữ cảnh này nghĩa là bỏ sót/không chú ý đến.

9Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 9

A. Instead of
B. In view of
C. On behalf of
D. As far as

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: ‘Instead of’ diễn đạt sự thay thế một cách làm bằng cách làm khác.

10Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 10

A. standard
B. quality
C. scale
D. number

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘scale’ kết hợp tự nhiên với ‘preventable harm’ trong ngữ cảnh.

11Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 11

A. strategically
B. randomly
C. temporarily
D. altogether

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Trạng từ ‘strategically’ mô tả phù hợp cách ghi nhận hoặc sắp xếp dữ liệu/vật liệu.

12Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 12

A. responsibility
B. responsive
C. responsible
D. responsibly

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Cần trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ manage.

13Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 13

A. a – c – b
B. c – b – a
C. b – c – a
D. a – b – c

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Linh nêu quan niệm ban đầu, Minh phản hồi bằng bằng chứng, sau đó Linh thay đổi cách tiếp cận.

14Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 14

A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Trình tự tự nhiên: nêu quyết định → hỏi tiêu chí → xác định lợi ích → suy ra cách đánh giá → thống nhất hành động.

15Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 15

A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đoạn văn phát triển theo tiến trình nghiên cứu: giả định → đối chiếu → phát hiện hạn chế → điều chỉnh → kết quả.

16Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 16

A. a – b – c – d – e
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. e – d – c – b – a

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Tiểu sử đi theo thời gian và quan hệ nhân quả: khởi đầu → nhận thức → đào tạo → nghề nghiệp → đánh giá hiện tại.

17Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 17

A. a – c – d – e – b
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – b – c – d – e

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Trình tự: cách nhìn ban đầu → sự kiện làm lộ vấn đề → phản ứng tổ chức → biện pháp → đánh giá thận trọng.

18Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 18

A. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. In response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (18); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

19Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 19

A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
C. In response, the ‘Cooler Blocks’ team began by consulting urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (19); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

20Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 20

A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
D. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (20); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

21Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 21

A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.
C. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (21); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

22Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 22

A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. That simplification is risky: planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (22); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.

23Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 23

A. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. The need to interpret evidence in context
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Đoạn đọc nhấn mạnh tính phụ thuộc bối cảnh, không khẳng định có một giải pháp giống nhau cho mọi nơi.

24Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 24

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A. ignores
B. neglects
C. recognises
D. misses

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Overlook’ nghĩa là bỏ sót; từ trái nghĩa là ‘recognise’.

25Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 25

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.
B. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction.
C. reading the citywide weather forecast
D. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Cụm chỉ định quay lại cơ chế vừa được trình bày ngay trước đó.

26Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 26

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.

A. physically engineered
B. socially negotiated
C. automatic and uncritical
D. carefully calibrated

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Trong ngữ cảnh, ‘mechanical conclusions’ là kết luận áp dụng tự động, thiếu phê phán.

27Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 27

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?

A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
C. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
D. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đáp án giữ đủ hai ý: bằng chứng hữu ích nhưng không được bỏ qua giới hạn và bối cảnh.

28Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 28

A. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
B. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably.
C. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Nội dung này được nêu trực tiếp ở đoạn 4.

29Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 29

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?

A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 3

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đoạn 2 trình bày cơ chế tạo ra hoặc truyền dẫn vấn đề.

30Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 30

Paragraph 1. An urban heat island occurs when built-up areas are warmer than nearby rural surroundings because land cover, materials, geometry, and human activity alter the surface energy balance. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to reading the citywide weather forecast. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.

Paragraph 2. Dark surfaces absorb solar energy, limited vegetation reduces evaporative cooling, dense structures restrict airflow, and vehicles or buildings release additional heat. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.

Paragraph 3. Satellite observations reveal surface-temperature patterns, while ground sensors and health data are needed to understand conditions people actually experience. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Planting trees is valuable but not universally simple because water availability, maintenance, species choice, and street design matter.

Paragraph 4. Effective heat plans combine urban design, early warnings, accessible cooling, labour protections, and long-term emissions reduction. Cities increasingly integrate remote sensing with local surveys to evaluate whether interventions reduce heat equitably. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among urban planners, health agencies, residents, employers, and infrastructure managers.

In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?

A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 1

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nêu chính sách, xu hướng tương lai và phối hợp giữa các bên.

31Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 31

A. [III]
B. [I]
C. [II]
D. [IV]

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Câu này kết luận từ câu trước và mở sang phân tích rộng hơn, phù hợp nhất ở vị trí [IV].

32Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 32

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.

A. hide outcomes from public review
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. remove every measurable result

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: ‘Privilege’ ở đây nghĩa là ưu tiên; ‘visible outputs’ là kết quả dễ nhìn thấy/trình bày.

33Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 33

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. complex systems
B. affected people
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. durable outcomes

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đại từ chỉ toàn bộ danh sách các ràng buộc ở câu trước.

34Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 34

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?

A. Pressure for rapid results
B. Fragmented responsibilities
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Short funding cycles

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Ba phương án còn lại được nêu trực tiếp; học hỏi dài hạn không phải nguyên nhân của quyết định hẹp.

35Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 35

A. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: Đoạn 3 nêu các hệ quả ngoài ý muốn và sự chuyển dịch chi phí/rủi ro.

36Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 36

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A. reliable
B. unconvincing
C. trustworthy
D. defensible

Đáp án: B

Giải thích: ‘Credible’ là đáng tin; trái nghĩa là ‘unconvincing’.

37Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 37

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
B. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Đoạn 4 khẳng định việc kiểm tra hệ quả ngoài ý muốn hỗ trợ điều chỉnh khi điều kiện thay đổi.

38Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 38

[I] Efforts to address urban heat islands have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]

Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.

Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.

Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.

Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?

A. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
B. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đáp án giữ nguyên so sánh giữa năng lực học hỏi và sự chắc chắn ban đầu.

39Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 39

A. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
B. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
C. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.

Đáp án: A

Giải thích: Lập luận toàn bài cho thấy hiệu quả bề ngoài chưa bảo đảm tính bền vững nếu bỏ qua quản trị và năng lực duy trì.

40Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 40

A. The best way to address urban heat islands is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
B. Technical expertise alone can resolve urban heat islands without attention to distribution or institutions.
C. Because urban heat islands is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. Addressing urban heat islands requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.

Đáp án: D

Giải thích: Đáp án bao quát các ý chính: đánh giá rộng, tham gia, so sánh phương án và học hỏi liên tục.