Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 26
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 26, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. technically routine
B. conceptually superficial
C. administratively effortless
D. systemically demanding
Câu 2.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. grid-ready
B. initiatively designed
C. initiating
D. initiative-led
Câu 3.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. brief
B. mapsed
C. mapsing
D. maps
Câu 4.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. with
B. to
C. for
D. on
Câu 5.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. advance the deeply
B. make an evidence
C. model congestion scenarios
D. take deeper into
Câu 6.
At first glance, planning flexible electricity networks may appear no more complicated than adding more solar panels to the system. Yet field teams describe it as profoundly (1) ______. To prepare students, a public institute runs a (2) ______ course entitled ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’. The opening seminar (3) ______ why apparently minor choices matter, and mentoring is adapted (4) ______ each participant’s background. Experienced learners can (5) ______, while those not used to (6) ______ follow a carefully staged protocol.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. tracing electricity flows
B. have tracing electricity flows
C. to tracing electricity flows
D. trac electricity flows
Câu 7.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. created
B. create
C. has been createing
D. createing
Câu 8.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. oversee to
B. look over
C. overlook
D. look after
Câu 9.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. Instead of
B. On behalf of
C. In view of
D. As far as
Câu 10.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. number
B. standard
C. magnitude
D. quality
Câu 11.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. altogether
B. strategically
C. randomly
D. temporarily
Câu 12.
A Better Response Begins Upstream
When organisations continue connecting new generation without upgrading networks, they may (7) ______ the very problem they hope to solve. They frequently (8) ______ contextual information as well. Favour demand-response programmes when doing so addresses causes rather than symptoms. (9) ______ treating each incident in isolation, examine the full chain. Doing so can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document conductors, transformers, batteries, and control systems (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsible
B. responsibility
C. responsibly
D. responsive
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought electricity grid modernisation was mainly about adding more solar panels to the system.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more systemically demanding.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. c – b – a
B. a – c – b
C. a – b – c
D. b – c – a
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on electricity grid modernisation should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; modern grids can connect clean generation faster, improve reliability, and make better use of existing assets.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that adding more solar panels to the system.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. e – d – c – b – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 16.
a. My interest in electricity grid modernisation began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated electricity grid modernisation as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – d – e – a
B. a – c – d – e – b
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – b – c – d – e
Câu 18.
A public discussion about electricity grid modernisation often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: as wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility.
B. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. That simplification is risky: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about electricity grid modernisation often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines.
B. In response, the ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’ team began by consulting system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
C. That simplification is risky: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about electricity grid modernisation often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. That simplification is risky: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: as wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. In response, the ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’ team began by consulting system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about electricity grid modernisation often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. That simplification is risky: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: as wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility.
C. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about electricity grid modernisation often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines.
B. That simplification is risky: building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. In response, the ‘Power Without Bottlenecks’ team began by consulting system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. The need to interpret evidence in context
B. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
C. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
D. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. recognises
B. ignores
C. misses
D. neglects
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines.
B. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility.
C. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed.
D. adding more solar panels to the system
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. socially negotiated
B. physically engineered
C. carefully calibrated
D. automatic and uncritical
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
B. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
C. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
D. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
C. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 2
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 1
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Electricity grids connect generators, storage, and users while continuously balancing supply and demand. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to adding more solar panels to the system. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. As wind, solar, electric vehicles, and data centres expand, power flows become more variable and geographically dispersed, increasing the need for transmission, distribution upgrades, and flexibility. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Connection queues in many regions contain large volumes of proposed renewable and storage capacity, showing that network access has become a major constraint. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Building more lines alone will not solve congestion if market rules encourage projects in locations the network cannot serve efficiently.
Paragraph 4. Coordinated planning, digital monitoring, faster permitting, storage, and demand response can complement new power lines. Grid-enhancing technologies and better locational signals may unlock capacity while larger infrastructure is developed. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among system operators, regulators, utilities, generators, communities, and electricity users.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 4
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [IV]
B. [I]
C. [III]
D. [II]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. guarantee that benefits will last
B. hide outcomes from public review
C. give priority to results that are easy to display
D. remove every measurable result
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. affected people
B. durable outcomes
C. complex systems
D. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Fragmented responsibilities
B. Short funding cycles
C. Pressure for rapid results
D. Long-term institutional learning
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
D. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. reliable
B. unconvincing
C. defensible
D. trustworthy
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
B. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
C. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
D. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
B. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
C. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
D. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address electricity grid modernisation have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Technical expertise alone can resolve electricity grid modernisation without attention to distribution or institutions.
B. The best way to address electricity grid modernisation is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C. Addressing electricity grid modernisation requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
D. Because electricity grid modernisation is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
