Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 24
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 24, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. administratively effortless
B. logistically complex
C. conceptually superficial
D. technically routine
Câu 2.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiating
B. initiative-led
C. initiatively designed
D. farm-to-market
Câu 3.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. brief
B. distinguishesed
C. distinguishes
D. distinguishesing
Câu 4.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. with
B. on
C. to
D. for
Câu 5.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. make an evidence
B. advance the deeply
C. redesign storage systems
D. take deeper into
Câu 6.
People often picture diagnosing losses across food supply chains as simply weighing leftovers in restaurants. In reality, responsible practice is distinctly (1) ______. A university partnership has launched the (2) ______ project ‘Value Before Waste’. Its induction workshop (3) ______ the assumptions hidden in routine procedures, and supervision is calibrated (4) ______ individual experience. Participants ready to (5) ______ join live casework; anyone not accustomed to (6) ______ starts with annotated examples.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. record where spoilage occurs
B. to recording where spoilage occurs
C. have recording where spoilage occurs
D. recording where spoilage occurs
Câu 7.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. wasted
B. wasteing
C. has been wasteing
D. waste
Câu 8.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look over
B. look after
C. oversee to
D. overlook
Câu 9.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. Instead of
C. As far as
D. On behalf of
Câu 10.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. standard
B. quality
C. number
D. amount
Câu 11.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. altogether
B. randomly
C. temporarily
D. properly
Câu 12.
Look Beyond the Most Visible Problem
When organisations repeatedly engage in harvesting, storing, and selling food without measuring losses, they may (7) ______ risks that remain hidden for years. They sometimes (8) ______ useful materials or data rather than redesigning the system. Use seasonal food when doing so limits unnecessary pressure. (9) ______ waiting for damage to become obvious, intervene earlier. This can reduce the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Document organic scraps, reusable crates, and packaging (11) ______ and manage each stream (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsive
B. responsibly
C. responsible
D. responsibility
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought food loss and waste was mainly about weighing leftovers in restaurants.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more logistically complex.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – b
B. a – b – c
C. c – b – a
D. b – c – a
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on food loss and waste should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; measurement helps organisations target the stage where prevention will save the most food and resources.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that weighing leftovers in restaurants.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. b – c – d – e – a
Câu 16.
a. My interest in food loss and waste began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Value Before Waste’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated food loss and waste as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – c – d – e – b
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 18.
A public discussion about food loss and waste often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
D. That simplification is risky: weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about food loss and waste often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. In response, the ‘Value Before Waste’ team began by consulting farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages.
C. That simplification is risky: weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about food loss and waste often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. That simplification is risky: weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
B. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about food loss and waste often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
C. That simplification is risky: weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
D. In response, the ‘Value Before Waste’ team began by consulting farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about food loss and waste often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
C. In response, the ‘Value Before Waste’ team began by consulting farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
D. The next stage examined the mechanism: damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
B. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
D. The need to interpret evidence in context
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. misses
B. neglects
C. ignores
D. recognises
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together.
B. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages.
C. weighing leftovers in restaurants
D. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. automatic and uncritical
B. socially negotiated
C. carefully calibrated
D. physically engineered
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
B. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
C. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
D. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
B. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
C. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 2
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Food loss generally occurs before retail through problems in production, storage, processing, or transport, whereas food waste often occurs in shops, restaurants, and homes. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to weighing leftovers in restaurants. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Damage, poor temperature control, market standards, forecasting errors, and consumer behaviour can remove edible food from the value chain at different stages. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Studies across commodities show that causes vary sharply by product and region, so broad global estimates cannot replace local diagnosis. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. Weight alone does not capture nutritional value, environmental cost, or whether a discarded material was avoidable.
Paragraph 4. Better storage, cold chains, date-label communication, donation systems, and purchasing practices can work together. Digital tracking and improved reporting standards are making it easier to compare interventions while preserving local context. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among farmers, processors, retailers, households, charities, and local authorities.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [IV]
B. [III]
C. [I]
D. [II]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. give priority to results that are easy to display
B. guarantee that benefits will last
C. remove every measurable result
D. hide outcomes from public review
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. durable outcomes
B. complex systems
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Short funding cycles
B. Fragmented responsibilities
C. Pressure for rapid results
D. Long-term institutional learning
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
B. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
C. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
D. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. trustworthy
B. reliable
C. defensible
D. unconvincing
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
B. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
C. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
D. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
C. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
C. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address food loss and waste have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Technical expertise alone can resolve food loss and waste without attention to distribution or institutions.
B. The best way to address food loss and waste is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
C. Because food loss and waste is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
D. Addressing food loss and waste requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
