Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 21
⏱ 50 phút📝 40 câu✅ Đã làm 0/40
Thời gian
50:00
Câu 1/40Đáp án được lưu tự động
1
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
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Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 21
Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút
1
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
Chọn một đáp án
2
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
Chọn một đáp án
3
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
Chọn một đáp án
4
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
Chọn một đáp án
5
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
Chọn một đáp án
6
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
Chọn một đáp án
7
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
Chọn một đáp án
8
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
Chọn một đáp án
9
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
Chọn một đáp án
10
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
Chọn một đáp án
11
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
Chọn một đáp án
12
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
Chọn một đáp án
13
a. Linh: I thought ocean acidification was mainly about checking whether seawater looks clean. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more chemically intricate. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on ocean acidification should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; continuous monitoring can reveal where biological communities face the greatest chemical stress and can improve local management decisions. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether seawater looks clean. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
16
a. My interest in ocean acidification began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Carbonate Clues’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
17
a. The town first treated ocean acidification as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
Chọn một đáp án
18
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
Chọn một đáp án
19
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
Chọn một đáp án
20
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
Chọn một đáp án
21
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
Chọn một đáp án
22
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
Chọn một đáp án
23
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
Chọn một đáp án
24
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
25
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
26
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
27
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
28
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
29
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
Chọn một đáp án
30
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
Chọn một đáp án
31
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
Chọn một đáp án
32
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
Chọn một đáp án
33
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
34
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
Chọn một đáp án
35
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
Chọn một đáp án
36
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
Chọn một đáp án
37
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
38
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
39
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
40
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
Chọn một đáp án
Thông tin đề
Cách sử dụng Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 21
Trước khi làm: chuẩn bị giấy nháp, giữ đúng thời lượng 50 phút và hạn chế mở tài liệu để kết quả phản ánh đúng mức hiện tại.
Trong khi làm: câu trả lời được lưu tự động trên trình duyệt. Bạn có thể chuyển giữa chế độ từng câu và khổ A4 mà không mất lựa chọn đã nhập.
Sau khi nộp: xem điểm, đáp án đúng và phần giải thích. Hãy ghi lại nhóm lỗi sai để quyết định chuyên đề cần ôn lại trước đề tiếp theo.
Tự học sau khi làm đề
Đáp án và giải thích từng câu
Phần này giúp bạn rà soát lại kiến thức sau khi đã thử làm đề. Mỗi mục giữ nguyên nội dung câu hỏi, đáp án đúng và lời giải có trong dữ liệu gốc.
1Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 1
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A.conceptually superficial
B.technically routine
C.chemically intricate
D.administratively effortless
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Sau trạng từ nhấn mạnh cần một cụm tính từ; ‘chemically intricate’ phù hợp với ý bài.
2Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 2
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A.initiative-led
B.initiating
C.field-to-lab
D.initiatively designed
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘field-to-lab’ là tính từ ghép tự nhiên bổ nghĩa cho programme/project.
3Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 3
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A.brief
B.clarifies
C.clarifiesed
D.clarifiesing
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Chủ ngữ số ít ở hiện tại đơn cần động từ chia phù hợp: ‘clarifies’.
4Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 4
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A.for
B.with
C.on
D.to
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Cụm cố định là tailored/adapted/matched to something.
5Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 5
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A.advance the deeply
B.take deeper into
C.make an evidence
D.trace interacting variables
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Cụm ‘trace interacting variables’ đúng ngữ pháp và hợp nghĩa.
6Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 6
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A.to calibrating pH sensors
B.have calibrating pH sensors
C.calibrat pH sensors
D.calibrating pH sensors
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Sau ‘accustomed/unaccustomed to’ dùng danh động từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
7Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 7
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A.has been altering
B.altered
C.altering
D.alter
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Sau ‘has’ cần quá khứ phân từ để tạo hiện tại hoàn thành.
8Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 8
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A.look after
B.overlook
C.look over
D.oversee to
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ trong ngữ cảnh này nghĩa là bỏ sót/không chú ý đến.
9Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 9
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A.In view of
B.Instead of
C.As far as
D.On behalf of
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:‘Instead of’ diễn đạt sự thay thế một cách làm bằng cách làm khác.
10Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 10
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A.standard
B.quality
C.extent
D.number
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘extent’ kết hợp tự nhiên với ‘preventable harm’ trong ngữ cảnh.
11Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 11
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A.temporarily
B.separately
C.altogether
D.randomly
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Trạng từ ‘separately’ mô tả phù hợp cách ghi nhận hoặc sắp xếp dữ liệu/vật liệu.
12Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 12
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A.responsive
B.responsible
C.responsibility
D.responsibly
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Cần trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ manage.
13Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 13
a. Linh: I thought ocean acidification was mainly about checking whether seawater looks clean. b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more chemically intricate. c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.b – c – a
B.a – b – c
C.c – b – a
D.a – c – b
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Linh nêu quan niệm ban đầu, Minh phản hồi bằng bằng chứng, sau đó Linh thay đổi cách tiếp cận.
14Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 14
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on ocean acidification should expand. b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups? c. Researcher: Not just speed; continuous monitoring can reveal where biological communities face the greatest chemical stress and can improve local management decisions. d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages. e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.e – d – c – b – a
B.b – c – d – e – a
C.a – b – c – d – e
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Trình tự tự nhiên: nêu quyết định → hỏi tiêu chí → xác định lợi ích → suy ra cách đánh giá → thống nhất hành động.
15Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 15
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether seawater looks clean. b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings. c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations. d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence. e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.e – d – c – b – a
B.a – b – c – d – e
C.b – c – d – e – a
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đoạn văn phát triển theo tiến trình nghiên cứu: giả định → đối chiếu → phát hiện hạn chế → điều chỉnh → kết quả.
16Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 16
a. My interest in ocean acidification began with a local question rather than a grand theory. b. During university, I learned that the issue involved chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities. c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork. d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Carbonate Clues’ programme. e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – b – c – d – e
B.b – c – d – e – a
C.a – c – d – e – b
D.e – d – c – b – a
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Tiểu sử đi theo thời gian và quan hệ nhân quả: khởi đầu → nhận thức → đào tạo → nghề nghiệp → đánh giá hiện tại.
17Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 17
a. The town first treated ocean acidification as a narrow technical issue. b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods. c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group. d. The group tested cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A.a – b – c – d – e
B.b – c – d – e – a
C.e – d – c – b – a
D.a – c – d – e – b
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Trình tự: cách nhìn ban đầu → sự kiện làm lộ vấn đề → phản ứng tổ chức → biện pháp → đánh giá thận trọng.
18Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 18
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
C.That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
D.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (18); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
19Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 19
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A.The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
B.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D.In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (19); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
20Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 20
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A.In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
B.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C.The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
D.By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (20); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
21Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 21
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B.The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
C.In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
D.That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (21); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
22Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 22
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A.That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
B.The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
C.The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
D.Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Câu được chọn nối đúng quan hệ ý nghĩa và tham chiếu tại vị trí (22); các phương án khác thuộc bước khác hoặc trái với lập luận.
23Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 23
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A.Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
B.A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C.The need to interpret evidence in context
D.A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn đọc nhấn mạnh tính phụ thuộc bối cảnh, không khẳng định có một giải pháp giống nhau cho mọi nơi.
24Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 24
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.misses
B.ignores
C.neglects
D.recognises
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘Overlook’ nghĩa là bỏ sót; từ trái nghĩa là ‘recognise’.
25Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 25
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
B.Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C.checking whether seawater looks clean
D.Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Cụm chỉ định quay lại cơ chế vừa được trình bày ngay trước đó.
26Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 26
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A.carefully calibrated
B.automatic and uncritical
C.physically engineered
D.socially negotiated
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Trong ngữ cảnh, ‘mechanical conclusions’ là kết luận áp dụng tự động, thiếu phê phán.
27Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 27
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A.Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B.Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
C.Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D.The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ đủ hai ý: bằng chứng hữu ích nhưng không được bỏ qua giới hạn và bối cảnh.
28Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 28
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B.Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability.
C.The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D.The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Nội dung này được nêu trực tiếp ở đoạn 4.
29Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 29
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A.Paragraph 2
B.Paragraph 4
C.Paragraph 1
D.Paragraph 3
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn 2 trình bày cơ chế tạo ra hoặc truyền dẫn vấn đề.
30Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 30
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A.Paragraph 4
B.Paragraph 3
C.Paragraph 1
D.Paragraph 2
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 nêu chính sách, xu hướng tương lai và phối hợp giữa các bên.
31Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 31
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? ‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A.[IV]
B.[III]
C.[I]
D.[II]
Đáp án: A
Giải thích:Câu này kết luận từ câu trước và mở sang phân tích rộng hơn, phù hợp nhất ở vị trí [IV].
32Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 32
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A.remove every measurable result
B.hide outcomes from public review
C.guarantee that benefits will last
D.give priority to results that are easy to display
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:‘Privilege’ ở đây nghĩa là ưu tiên; ‘visible outputs’ là kết quả dễ nhìn thấy/trình bày.
33Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 33
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A.durable outcomes
B.complex systems
C.short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D.affected people
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đại từ chỉ toàn bộ danh sách các ràng buộc ở câu trước.
34Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 34
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A.Fragmented responsibilities
B.Pressure for rapid results
C.Long-term institutional learning
D.Short funding cycles
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Ba phương án còn lại được nêu trực tiếp; học hỏi dài hạn không phải nguyên nhân của quyết định hẹp.
35Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 35
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A.Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B.Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C.A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D.Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đoạn 3 nêu các hệ quả ngoài ý muốn và sự chuyển dịch chi phí/rủi ro.
36Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 36
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A.trustworthy
B.defensible
C.unconvincing
D.reliable
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:‘Credible’ là đáng tin; trái nghĩa là ‘unconvincing’.
37Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 37
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
B.A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
C.Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
D.Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích:Đoạn 4 khẳng định việc kiểm tra hệ quả ngoài ý muốn hỗ trợ điều chỉnh khi điều kiện thay đổi.
38Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 38
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A.Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B.Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
C.In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D.Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Đáp án: C
Giải thích:Đáp án giữ nguyên so sánh giữa năng lực học hỏi và sự chắc chắn ban đầu.
39Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 39
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A.The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B.Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
C.Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D.Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Lập luận toàn bài cho thấy hiệu quả bề ngoài chưa bảo đảm tính bền vững nếu bỏ qua quản trị và năng lực duy trì.
40Xem đáp án và giải thích câu 40
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A.Because ocean acidification is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
B.Addressing ocean acidification requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C.Technical expertise alone can resolve ocean acidification without attention to distribution or institutions.
D.The best way to address ocean acidification is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích:Đáp án bao quát các ý chính: đánh giá rộng, tham gia, so sánh phương án và học hỏi liên tục.
