Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 21
Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh số 21, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nâng cao về từ vựng, ngữ pháp, liên kết văn bản và đọc hiểu theo định hướng đánh giá năng lực.
Câu 1.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. conceptually superficial
B. technically routine
C. chemically intricate
D. administratively effortless
Câu 2.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. initiative-led
B. initiating
C. field-to-lab
D. initiatively designed
Câu 3.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. brief
B. clarifies
C. clarifiesed
D. clarifiesing
Câu 4.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. for
B. with
C. on
D. to
Câu 5.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. advance the deeply
B. take deeper into
C. make an evidence
D. trace interacting variables
Câu 6.
Many learners assume that interpreting coastal carbonate data is little more than checking whether seawater looks clean. In practice, the task can be genuinely (1) ______. A research centre has therefore introduced a (2) ______ programme called ‘Carbonate Clues’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the scientific and ethical stakes. Support is tailored (4) ______ prior experience. Those eager to (5) ______ may work beside specialists, whereas newcomers unaccustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. to calibrating pH sensors
B. have calibrating pH sensors
C. calibrat pH sensors
D. calibrating pH sensors
Câu 7.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. has been altering
B. altered
C. altering
D. alter
Câu 8.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. look after
B. overlook
C. look over
D. oversee to
Câu 9.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. In view of
B. Instead of
C. As far as
D. On behalf of
Câu 10.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. standard
B. quality
C. extent
D. number
Câu 11.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. temporarily
B. separately
C. altogether
D. randomly
Câu 12.
To Act Responsibly, Start with the System!
When organisations engage in releasing carbon dioxide without accounting for ocean uptake without adequate oversight, this has (7) ______ seawater chemistry. Institutions also (8) ______ valuable evidence when they focus only on visible symptoms. Choose low-emission products where appropriate to reduce avoidable pressure. (9) ______ relying on a single remedy, combine prevention with monitoring. This lowers the (10) ______ of preventable harm. Finally, document glass, metal, and durable polymers (11) ______ and manage them (12) ______.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. responsive
B. responsible
C. responsibility
D. responsibly
Câu 13.
a. Linh: I thought ocean acidification was mainly about checking whether seawater looks clean.
b. Minh: The new evidence suggests the issue is far more chemically intricate.
c. Linh: Then I should read the briefing before making that assumption again.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. b – c – a
B. a – b – c
C. c – b – a
D. a – c – b
Câu 14.
a. Researcher: We need to decide whether the pilot on ocean acidification should expand.
b. Analyst: What outcome matters most to the affected groups?
c. Researcher: Not just speed; continuous monitoring can reveal where biological communities face the greatest chemical stress and can improve local management decisions.
d. Analyst: Then the evaluation must include distributional effects, not only averages.
e. Researcher: Agreed. We will revise the indicators before the next phase.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – b – c – d – e
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 15.
a. First, our team reviewed the assumption that checking whether seawater looks clean.
b. We then compared that assumption with observations from several settings.
c. The comparison revealed an important limitation: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
d. Consequently, we redesigned the study to include contextual evidence.
e. The revised design produced conclusions that were narrower but more defensible.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. e – d – c – b – a
B. a – b – c – d – e
C. b – c – d – e – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 16.
a. My interest in ocean acidification began with a local question rather than a grand theory.
b. During university, I learned that the issue involved chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
c. I therefore combined technical training with community-based fieldwork.
d. That combination eventually led me to coordinate the ‘Carbonate Clues’ programme.
e. I now value the role because it joins analysis with practical accountability.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. a – c – d – e – b
D. e – d – c – b – a
Câu 17.
a. The town first treated ocean acidification as a narrow technical issue.
b. A series of disruptions then exposed links to public services and local livelihoods.
c. Officials responded by creating a cross-sector working group.
d. The group tested cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
e. Although results improved, the programme retained monitoring because a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Choose the best arrangement to make a meaningful exchange or paragraph.
A. a – b – c – d – e
B. b – c – d – e – a
C. e – d – c – b – a
D. a – c – d – e – b
Câu 18.
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (18).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
C. That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
D. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
Câu 19.
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (19).
A. The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
D. In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Câu 20.
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (20).
A. In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
B. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C. The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
D. By contrast, the project abandoned all measurements and relied entirely on intuition.
Câu 21.
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (21).
A. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
C. In response, the ‘Carbonate Clues’ team began by consulting chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
D. That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Câu 22.
A public discussion about ocean acidification often begins with a simplified claim. (18) ______. The project did not accept that framing without investigation. (19) ______. Once responsibilities had been agreed, the team moved from consultation to analysis. (20) ______. This prevented a single dramatic case from dominating the conclusions. (21) ______. The aim was not to promise a universal solution but to identify defensible actions. (22) ______.
Choose the sentence that best fits blank (22).
A. That simplification is risky: a single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
B. The next stage examined the mechanism: dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
C. The final recommendations followed a broader principle: cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
D. Evidence was then compared across settings rather than treated as universally identical.
Câu 23.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is NOT presented as a central feature of the issue?
A. Cooperation among multiple stakeholders
B. A mechanism that produces varied outcomes
C. The need to interpret evidence in context
D. A universal solution that works identically in every setting
Câu 24.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘overlooks’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. misses
B. ignores
C. neglects
D. recognises
Câu 25.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The phrase ‘These processes’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons.
B. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience.
C. checking whether seawater looks clean
D. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability.
Câu 26.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
The word ‘mechanical’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. carefully calibrated
B. automatic and uncritical
C. physically engineered
D. socially negotiated
Câu 27.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of paragraph 3?
A. Evidence is too uncertain to support any practical response.
B. Context matters only when no scientific observations are available.
C. Once evidence exists, the same action should be taken everywhere.
D. The evidence should guide action, but its limits and context must still be considered.
Câu 28.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The passage argues that technical monitoring is unnecessary.
B. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability.
C. The passage treats all affected groups as experiencing identical conditions.
D. The issue can be solved by changing individual behaviour alone.
Câu 29.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal mechanism?
A. Paragraph 2
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Paragraph 1. Ocean acidification is a long-term decline in seawater pH driven mainly by the ocean’s absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Public debate, however, often reduces the issue to checking whether seawater looks clean. That narrow view overlooks the technical, social, and institutional relationships that determine real outcomes.
Paragraph 2. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions and reducing the carbonate ions many organisms use to build shells and skeletons. These processes explain why isolated observations can be misleading and why changes may differ among places or groups.
Paragraph 3. Laboratory and field observations show that many calcifying organisms grow more slowly under altered carbonate conditions, although sensitivity differs among species and life stages. The evidence therefore supports careful action, but not mechanical conclusions. A single pH reading cannot establish a trend because coastal chemistry changes naturally over hours, seasons, and locations.
Paragraph 4. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions addresses the primary driver, while reducing nutrient runoff and habitat damage can strengthen local resilience. Researchers increasingly combine autonomous sensors, biological surveys, and community observations to distinguish persistent change from short-term variability. In this sense, progress depends on both technical capacity and accountable cooperation among chemists, fishers, conservation managers, and coastal communities.
In which paragraph does the writer discuss future-oriented methods and cooperation?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 3
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘A broader evaluation must therefore examine distribution, governance, and long-term capacity.’
A. [IV]
B. [III]
C. [I]
D. [II]
Câu 32.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The phrase ‘privilege visible outputs’ in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. remove every measurable result
B. hide outcomes from public review
C. guarantee that benefits will last
D. give priority to results that are easy to display
Câu 33.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘These’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. durable outcomes
B. complex systems
C. short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented duties, and pressure for quick results
D. affected people
Câu 34.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a force behind narrow decisions?
A. Fragmented responsibilities
B. Pressure for rapid results
C. Long-term institutional learning
D. Short funding cycles
Câu 35.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises paragraph 3?
A. Average improvement proves that no one is disadvantaged.
B. Technical measures always benefit vulnerable groups first.
C. A seemingly successful measure can redistribute harm or create new weaknesses.
D. Maintenance capacity is unrelated to policy effectiveness.
Câu 36.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
The word ‘credible’ in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. trustworthy
B. defensible
C. unconvincing
D. reliable
Câu 37.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Consultation should occur only after a programme has ended.
B. A single indicator is sufficient in complex systems.
C. Rapid announcements usually produce durable outcomes.
D. Monitoring unintended effects helps programmes adapt when circumstances change.
Câu 38.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best paraphrases the final sentence of the passage?
A. Learning is useful only when an initial plan completely fails.
B. Initial plans should never be revised once implementation begins.
C. In complicated situations, the ability to learn may matter as much as confidence in the first design.
D. Complex systems become simple when enough indicators are collected.
Câu 39.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The slowest programme is always the most effective.
B. Programmes that look efficient in the short term may be fragile if they ignore governance and maintenance.
C. Affected groups necessarily agree on every policy choice.
D. Quantitative indicators should be eliminated from evaluation.
Câu 40.
[I] Efforts to address ocean acidification have expanded as its links to wider social, environmental, and institutional outcomes have become clearer. [II] Yet expansion has also exposed a recurring mistake: success is often measured through a single convenient indicator. [III] For that reason, an apparently efficient intervention may fail when it ignores who bears the costs and who can influence decisions. [IV]
Paragraph 2. Several forces encourage narrow decision-making. Agencies may face short funding cycles, incomplete data, fragmented responsibilities, and pressure to announce rapid results. These constraints can privilege visible outputs over durable outcomes.
Paragraph 3. The consequences are not merely technical. A measure may improve an average while worsening conditions for a vulnerable group; it may solve one stage of a problem while transferring costs to another; or it may create dependence on systems that local institutions cannot maintain.
Paragraph 4. A more credible approach begins by defining the problem with affected people, testing assumptions, comparing alternatives, and monitoring unintended effects. Although this process is slower, it makes adaptation possible when conditions change. In complex systems, the quality of learning can be as important as the apparent certainty of an initial plan.
Which option best summarises the passage?
A. Because ocean acidification is complex, governments should postpone action until complete data are available.
B. Addressing ocean acidification requires broader evaluation, participation, comparison of alternatives, and continuous learning rather than reliance on one convenient indicator.
C. Technical expertise alone can resolve ocean acidification without attention to distribution or institutions.
D. The best way to address ocean acidification is to select the fastest measurable intervention and avoid later changes.
