Đề luyện thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh nâng cao số 20
Đề luyện thi Tiếng Anh nâng cao theo cấu trúc môn Ngoại ngữ áp dụng từ năm 2025, gồm 40 câu trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn trong 50 phút. Chủ đề trọng tâm: Digital Trust and Open Research. Ngữ liệu được viết mới và đối chiếu theo tài liệu chính thức của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo, Cambridge English, British Council cùng các tổ chức quốc tế có uy tín; có đáp án và giải thích tiếng Việt.
Câu 1.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (1).
A. intellectually demand
B. security-critical
C. intellectual demand
D. demanded intellectually
Câu 2.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (2).
A. privacy-preserving trust digital programme
B. privacy-preserving trust programme digital
C. privacy-preserving digital trust programme
D. privacy-preserving digital programme trust
Câu 3.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (3).
A. covering
B. covered
C. to cover
D. covers
Câu 4.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (4).
A. to
B. for
C. with
D. at
Câu 5.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (5).
A. take threat-modelling skills
B. improve threat-modelling skills
C. do threat-modelling skills
D. make threat-modelling skills
Câu 6.
Many students assume that evaluating digital identity systems is simply choosing a complicated password. In reality, the experience can be genuinely (1) ______. A cybersecurity learning centre has therefore launched a (2) ______ named ‘Verify by Design’. Every participant attends a briefing that (3) ______ the practical and ethical issues involved. The level of support is tailored (4) ______ each learner’s prior experience. Those hoping to (5) ______ can work alongside specialists, whereas newcomers who are not accustomed to (6) ______ begin with guided simulations.
Choose the option that best fits blank (6).
A. the balancing convenience and security
B. having balancing convenience and security
C. balancing convenience and security
D. to balancing convenience and security
Câu 7.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (7).
A. others
B. another
C. the others
D. other
Câu 8.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (8).
A. brush aside
B. carry out
C. bring about
D. come across
Câu 9.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (9).
A. consequence
B. consequences
C. consequent
D. consequently
Câu 10.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (10).
A. In case of
B. Apart from
C. Instead of
D. Owing to
Câu 11.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (11).
A. amount
B. quality
C. level
D. likelihood
Câu 12.
Make Research Reusable
Before taking action, identify the immediate problem as well as (7) ______ ethical and technical constraints. Do not simply (8) ______ inconvenient evidence, because today’s shortcut may create serious long-term (9) ______. (10) ______ relying on a single observation, compare several independent sources. This reduces the (11) ______ of reaching a confident but false conclusion. Finally, organise reusable (12) ______ so that later decisions can be checked and improved.
Choose the option that best fits blank (12).
A. records
B. substances
C. factors
D. amounts
Câu 13.
Choose the best arrangement of the following utterances to make a meaningful exchange.
a. Mai: That sounds worthwhile. What will you focus on there?
b. Khoa: I have registered for a workshop on phishing-resistant authentication at the national cyber education lab.
c. Khoa: We will learn how to compare passwords, passkeys, and multi-factor methods.
A. c – a – b
B. a – b – c
C. b – c – a
D. b – a – c
Câu 14.
Choose the best arrangement of the following utterances to make a meaningful exchange.
a. Linh: Why did you choose that particular session?
b. Tuan: I am considering the advanced session on phishing-resistant authentication.
c. Tuan: Because it teaches participants to compare passwords, passkeys, and multi-factor methods.
d. Linh: I see. Does it mention any difficulties?
e. Tuan: Yes. It warns that secure systems can still fail through poor recovery procedures.
A. b – a – c – d – e
B. d – b – a – e – c
C. a – b – c – e – d
D. b – c – a – d – e
Câu 15.
Choose the best arrangement of the following sentences to make a meaningful email.
Hi Alex,
a. Please let me know by Thursday whether you can join us.
b. Last week, our class completed a preliminary activity on phishing-resistant authentication.
c. I am writing to invite you to the follow-up session at the national cyber education lab.
d. The discussion was demanding because secure systems can still fail through poor recovery procedures.
e. The next session will show us how to compare passwords, passkeys, and multi-factor methods.
A. c – b – d – e – a
B. c – e – b – a – d
C. d – b – c – e – a
D. b – c – d – a – e
Câu 16.
Choose the best arrangement of the following sentences to make a meaningful paragraph.
a. For example, learners can examine a realistic case involving phishing-resistant authentication before proposing a response.
b. Case-based learning can make lessons on phishing-resistant authentication more intellectually demanding.
c. It requires students to connect evidence, assumptions, and possible consequences.
d. However, the teacher must provide sufficient background and clearly defined criteria.
e. With that support, students can practise reasoning rather than merely recall isolated facts.
A. b – a – c – d – e
B. d – b – c – a – e
C. b – c – a – d – e
D. a – b – d – c – e
Câu 17.
Choose the best arrangement of the following sentences to make a meaningful paragraph.
a. Nevertheless, secure systems can still fail through poor recovery procedures.
b. Interest in phishing-resistant authentication has increased as its consequences have become more visible.
c. This interest has encouraged schools and community organisations to offer specialised activities.
d. In response, organisers are adding preliminary guidance and supervised practice.
e. As a result, participants can tackle difficult material without being expected to master it immediately.
A. b – a – c – e – d
B. c – b – a – d – e
C. a – d – b – c – e
D. b – c – a – d – e
Câu 18.
A passwordless campus login service, once confined largely to specialist settings, is beginning to enter public service. A pilot system (18) ______. Since that demonstration, it has been evaluated in several real-world environments. The project is coordinated by a university security engineering team, (19) ______. (20) ______. Its designers therefore invited users and frontline staff to test early versions. (21) ______. What distinguishes the system, however, is its ability to use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets. Equipped with specialised sensors and decision rules, (22) ______. The developers emphasise that it still requires secure enrolment, recovery, and user education.
Choose the option that best fits blank (18).
A. having first present during a controlled public trial in 2024
B. that its first presentation was during a controlled public trial in 2024
C. was first presented during a controlled public trial in 2024
D. which first presenting during a controlled public trial in 2024
Câu 19.
A passwordless campus login service, once confined largely to specialist settings, is beginning to enter public service. A pilot system (18) ______. Since that demonstration, it has been evaluated in several real-world environments. The project is coordinated by a university security engineering team, (19) ______. (20) ______. Its designers therefore invited users and frontline staff to test early versions. (21) ______. What distinguishes the system, however, is its ability to use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets. Equipped with specialised sensors and decision rules, (22) ______. The developers emphasise that it still requires secure enrolment, recovery, and user education.
Choose the option that best fits blank (19).
A. which its team combines technical research with consultation from affected users
B. of which team combining technical research and consultation from affected users
C. succeeded to combine by technical research and affected users
D. whose team combines technical research with consultation from affected users
Câu 20.
A passwordless campus login service, once confined largely to specialist settings, is beginning to enter public service. A pilot system (18) ______. Since that demonstration, it has been evaluated in several real-world environments. The project is coordinated by a university security engineering team, (19) ______. (20) ______. Its designers therefore invited users and frontline staff to test early versions. (21) ______. What distinguishes the system, however, is its ability to use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets. Equipped with specialised sensors and decision rules, (22) ______. The developers emphasise that it still requires secure enrolment, recovery, and user education.
Choose the option that best fits blank (20).
A. Technical accuracy alone does not guarantee that a public system will be trusted or usable
B. Although technical accuracy alone guaranteeing a public system to trust and use
C. Technical accuracy alone, which does not a guarantee of public trust and usability
D. Having guaranteed public trust, technical accuracy alone is not
Câu 21.
A passwordless campus login service, once confined largely to specialist settings, is beginning to enter public service. A pilot system (18) ______. Since that demonstration, it has been evaluated in several real-world environments. The project is coordinated by a university security engineering team, (19) ______. (20) ______. Its designers therefore invited users and frontline staff to test early versions. (21) ______. What distinguishes the system, however, is its ability to use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets. Equipped with specialised sensors and decision rules, (22) ______. The developers emphasise that it still requires secure enrolment, recovery, and user education.
Choose the option that best fits blank (21).
A. Their feedback, which the changes in language, controls, and warning thresholds
B. Their feedback led to changes in language, controls, and warning thresholds
C. Having changed language, controls, and warning thresholds by their feedback
D. Language, controls, and warning thresholds led their feedback to change
Câu 22.
A passwordless campus login service, once confined largely to specialist settings, is beginning to enter public service. A pilot system (18) ______. Since that demonstration, it has been evaluated in several real-world environments. The project is coordinated by a university security engineering team, (19) ______. (20) ______. Its designers therefore invited users and frontline staff to test early versions. (21) ______. What distinguishes the system, however, is its ability to use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets. Equipped with specialised sensors and decision rules, (22) ______. The developers emphasise that it still requires secure enrolment, recovery, and user education.
Choose the option that best fits blank (22).
A. the system, which use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets
B. there can the system use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets
C. the system can use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets
D. use device-bound cryptographic credentials rather than shared secrets can be the system
Câu 23.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a component of an effective response?
A. reusing the same password across unrelated services
B. verifying the legitimate service
C. protecting account recovery
D. using cryptographic credentials
Câu 24.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
The word ‘temporary’ in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. lasting
B. limited
C. uncertain
D. partial
Câu 25.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
The word ‘Their’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. modern practices
B. service providers and users
C. the consequences
D. individual incidents
Câu 26.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
The word ‘persistent’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. accidental
B. invisible
C. continuing
D. minor
Câu 27.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
Which of the following best paraphrases the final sentence?
A. Technology automatically solves the problem once enough data are collected.
B. Human decisions are unnecessary when digital systems can detect patterns.
C. Local knowledge should be ignored because it slows technical action.
D. Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
Câu 28.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
B. Reusing the same password across unrelated services.
C. A single isolated measure is always sufficient.
D. Uncertainty makes all preventive action pointless.
Câu 29.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
In which paragraph does the writer explain a causal relationship affecting the choices of key actors?
A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 3
Câu 30.
Phishing-resistant authentication has moved from a specialist concern to a wider public priority. Effective responses generally combine using cryptographic credentials, verifying the legitimate service, and protecting account recovery. These measures are mutually reinforcing; when one is missing, progress may be temporary or uneven.
Service providers and users must reduce the value of stolen passwords and deceptive login pages. Their choices are shaped by available evidence, institutional capacity, and the consequences of delay. Because phishing sites can capture shared secrets, methods that verify the real service can reduce that risk.
A persistent obstacle is that weak enrolment or recovery processes can undermine otherwise strong authentication. The aim is therefore not merely to react to individual incidents but to address the underlying conditions needed for sustained improvement. Secure account recovery is part of authentication security, not an afterthought.
Modern practice increasingly uses passkeys and hardware-backed multi-factor authentication. In particular, public-key credentials stored on trusted devices can make patterns visible and support earlier action. Nevertheless, Removing passwords can reduce one major weakness, but it does not remove the need for careful system design.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by cybersecurity standards organisations.)
In which paragraph does the writer discuss modern tools for detecting patterns and supporting earlier action?
A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 1
D. Paragraph 2
Câu 31.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
‘Yet the benefits depend on careful design rather than on the label attached to a project.’
A. [II]
B. [III]
C. [IV]
D. [I]
Câu 32.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
The phrase ‘far-reaching’ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.
A. wide-ranging
B. easy to reverse
C. narrowly technical
D. completely invisible
Câu 33.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
The expression ‘These factors’ in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. long-term resilience
B. machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards and persistent documentation
C. uploading unexplained files to a temporary personal page
D. the label attached to a project
Câu 34.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT an implementation factor?
A. ethical and privacy safeguards
B. persistent documentation
C. machine-readable formats
D. uploading unexplained files to a temporary personal page
Câu 35.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?
A. The issue has no consequences beyond equipment performance.
B. Fairness is unrelated to technical and environmental decisions.
C. All impacts disappear as soon as a pilot project begins.
D. Undocumented data can hinder verification and waste research effort.
Câu 36.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
The word ‘continuous’ in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. intermittent
B. expensive
C. measurable
D. local
Câu 37.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. A project label guarantees successful results.
B. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights.
C. Uploading unexplained files to a temporary personal page.
D. Maintenance is unnecessary after installation.
Câu 38.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Which of the following best paraphrases the main idea of paragraph 4?
A. Planning should avoid community or institutional responsibility.
B. Uncertainty means that no action should be taken.
C. Successful planning combines technology, operations, responsibility, and long-term system thinking.
D. The issue can be solved by purchasing one advanced device.
Câu 39.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The recommended intervention works identically in every location.
B. Long-term maintenance reduces the need for all initial planning.
C. Technical performance is the only legitimate evaluation criterion.
D. Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
Câu 40.
[I] Research data may be difficult to interpret when methods, formats, and context are missing. [II] As a result, other researchers cannot easily verify findings or reuse observations. [III] A credible response centres on clear metadata, documented methods, appropriate licences, and durable repositories. [IV]
Implementation depends on machine-readable formats, ethical and privacy safeguards, and persistent documentation. These factors can help only when responsibilities are clear and maintenance is continuous.
The consequences can be far-reaching. Poor documentation can waste public investment and make scientific verification harder. This means that decisions influence not only technical performance but also fairness and long-term resilience.
Effective planning therefore treats the issue as a system rather than a single piece of equipment. Open data may still require limits to protect privacy, security, or community rights. The discussion also suggests that Openness is valuable only when data are understandable and responsibly governed.
(Adapted and rewritten from official materials published by UNESCO and open-science organisations.)
Which of the following best summarises the passage?
A. Reusable research data require openness, documentation, durable access, and safeguards suited to the people and information involved.
B. Open and reusable scientific data is a purely technical matter that has no social or environmental consequences.
C. The passage argues that uploading unexplained files to a temporary personal page is the only effective strategy.
D. The passage claims that installing new technology automatically guarantees equitable and permanent success.
